{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:10:15Z","timestamp":1791288615714,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":179,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019037","name":"Key Science and Technology Research Project in Jiangxi Province Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GJJ211501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ211501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Helminthiasis is endemic in Chad and constitutes a public health problem, particularly among school\u2010age children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of extracts of <jats:italic>Khaya anthotheca<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Faidherbia albida<\/jats:italic> used in Chad by traditional healers for the treatment of helminthiasis. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. The anthelmintic activity was assessed against <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic> larvae using the Worm Microtracker. Embryonated eggs, L1, L2, and L3 larvae of <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic> were obtained after 24\u2009h, 48\u2009h, and 7\u2009days of coproculture and L4 larvae of <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> culture using standard procedures. One hundred microliters of extracts at various concentrations, with albendazole and distilled water were, put in contact with 100\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>L of <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic> suspension (containing 50 parasites at various developmental stages) in a microplate and incubated for 20\u2009h at 25\u00b0C in the Worm Microtracker. The same procedure was adopted for <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>, but with 180\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>L of OP50. 19\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>L of <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic> suspension (containing 50 larvae) was put in contact with 1\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>L of extract at various concentrations and incubated in the Worm Microtracker. Docking studies were carried out using the Schrodinger Maestro software\u2019s Glide module. The score function in the software was used to rank and group distinct possible adduct structures generated by molecular docking. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of <jats:italic>F. albida<\/jats:italic> at a concentration of 2.5\u2009mg\/mL showed the same activity as albendazole (100\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00) on hatching. The IC50s of the aqueous extracts of the two plants (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 0.6212\u2009mg\/mL and 0.71\u2009mg\/mL, respectively) were comparable on egg hatching of <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic> with no significant difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2265 0.05) with respect to the ethanol extracts (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 0.70\u2009mg\/mL and 0.81\u2009mg\/mL, respectively). There was no significant difference between the percentage inhibition of extracts and albendazole on the L1 larvae of <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2265 0.05). The aqueous extracts acted more effectively than the ethanol extracts on the L1 larvae of <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic> with an IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 0.5588 and \u223c9.858<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2212\u2009005\u2009mg\/ml, respectively, for <jats:italic>K. anthotheca<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. albida<\/jats:italic>. The aqueous extracts of <jats:italic>K. anthotheca<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. albida<\/jats:italic> on L3 larvae of <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic> had inhibitory percentages of 92.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.62 and 91.37\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8 at 2.5\u2009mg\/mL which were lower than albendazole (100\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00). The aqueous extracts of <jats:italic>K. anthotheca<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. albida<\/jats:italic> on <jats:italic>C. elegance<\/jats:italic> showed IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 0.2775\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL and 0.5115\u2009<jats:italic>\u00b5<\/jats:italic>g\/mL, respectively, and were more effective than the ethanol extracts. Examining <jats:italic>K. anthotheca<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>F. albida<\/jats:italic> through the interaction with the protein receptor and its results also confirmed our assumption that the compound used has hydroxyl and carbonyl groups as well as aromatic rings and is exposed to phenolic and flavonoid groups in a more specific way, and it shows a better inhibitory effect. <jats:italic>Conclusions<\/jats:italic>. This study scientifically validates the use of extracts of the two plants in the traditional treatment of helminthiasis. However, it will be necessary to evaluate the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> anthelmintic activity and toxicity. Examining the ADME properties of these compounds also supports the potential of these ligands to be transformed into pharmaceutical forms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8564163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T18:23:26Z","timestamp":1719599006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i> Anthelmintic Activities of <i>Khaya anthotheca<\/i> and <i>Faidherbia albida<\/i> Extracts Used in Chad by Traditional Healers for the Treatment of Helminthiasis and <i>In Silico<\/i> Study of Phytoconstituents"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"Baigomen","family":"Christalin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3952-0073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masoud","family":"Besati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2393-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noumedem Anangmo","family":"Christelle Nadia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-9346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Yaghoobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yamssi","family":"C\u00e9dric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Ciancia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7084-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mounvera","family":"Abdel Azizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3134-4549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gamago Nkadeu","family":"Guy-Armand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2941-988X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Khan Payne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011496"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-020-00221-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","volume-title":"The Assessment of the Contamination of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Life Stages in the Environment and under Fingernails","author":"Tsehayu B.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/ijtdh\/2022\/v43i211359"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","first-page":"783","article-title":"Use of remote sensing and a geographical information system in a national helminth control programme in Chad","volume":"80","author":"Brooker S.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","first-page":"533","article-title":"Prevalence des parasitoses intestinales chez les enfants de 0 a 5 ans dans la ville de N\u2019Djamena","volume":"49","author":"Kostoingue B.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medecine d\u2019Afrique Noire"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-011-0727-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9504296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2023.100723","article-title":"In vitro Antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity activity of Terminalia macroptera Traditionally used in Cameroon against malaria","volume":"41","author":"Sidiki N. 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