{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:57:59Z","timestamp":1791849479375,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":177,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Phytochemicals are considered the reliable source for the treatment of infection including malaria. Especially, phenols are known as potentially toxic to the growth and development of pathogens, among which flavonoids are the most extensively studied and play more intensive roles in ethnopharmacology. The immunological effect and role of <jats:italic>T. diversifolia<\/jats:italic> flavonoids\u2010rich extract in treatment of malaria have therefore been examined in this study. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> test against <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> and 4\u2010day suppressive and Rane\u2019s tests against <jats:italic>Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic> in mice were used to evaluate the antimalarial activities. TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and INF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> levels, phagocytic tests, and production of oxygen and nitrogen radical were assessed to appreciate the immunomodulatory activity. One\u2010way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Student\u2032s <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests was used for data analysis. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>T. diversifolia<\/jats:italic> flavonoids\u2010rich extract at the concentrations ranging from 0.0004\u2009mg\/ml significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) inhibited in a concentration\u2010dependent manner the growth of trophozoite up to 100% inhibition with 0.025\u2009mg\/ml at 24 and 48\u2009hrs. Moreover, <jats:italic>T. diversifolia<\/jats:italic> flavonoids\u2010rich extract reduced the level of parasitemia and improved in a dose\u2010dependent manner the survival time of infected mice significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) compared to their control in 4\u2010day suppressive test as well as in Rane\u2019s test. Additionally, <jats:italic>T. diversifolia<\/jats:italic> flavonoids\u2010rich extract increased the TNF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic> and INF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> levels in rats infected by <jats:italic>P. berghei<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, the flavonoid\u2010rich extract enhanced weight of spleen in the rats, the metabolic and phagocytic activities of the peritoneal cells, and the concentration of nitric oxide and oxygen radicals in methylprednisolone\u2010immunocompromised rats compared to the control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The study has revealed that <jats:italic>T. diversifolia<\/jats:italic> flavonoids\u2010rich extract through its antiplasmodial and phagocytic activities is a promising treatment of malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8645178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T14:31:44Z","timestamp":1719412304000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antimalarial and Immunomodulatory Activities of <i>Tithonia diversifolia<\/i> (Asteraceae) Leave Flafonoids\u2010Rich Extract Used in Cameroonian Traditional Medecine"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"Ntonifor Helen","family":"Ngum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndoah Ellen","family":"Masakebenagha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oumar","family":"Mahamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","unstructured":"WHO Global technical strategy for malaria 2016-2030 2015 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240031357."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","first-page":"1378","article-title":"Combination therapy for malaria in Africa: hype or hope?","volume":"78","author":"Bloland P. 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