{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:57:43Z","timestamp":1783184263151,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012024","name":"Multimedia University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMUI\/220041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMUI\/220041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer is a significant global health issue, ranking as the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer\u2010related deaths worldwide. Early diagnosis of this disease is of utmost importance to increase the survival rate and enhance the healthcare system. Many machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) methods have been proposed to facilitate automated early diagnosis of this cancer. However, label noise in medical images and the dependence on a single model can lead to suboptimal model performance, which could potentially hinder the development of a sophisticated automated solution. In this paper, we address label noise in training data and propose a stacking\u2010ensemble model for classifying colorectal cancer along with a trustworthy computer\u2010aided diagnosis (CAD) system. Initially, a variety of filtering methods are extensively analyzed to determine the most suitable image representation, with subsequent data augmentation techniques. Second, a modified VGG\u201016 model was proposed with fine\u2010tuning that was utilized as a feature extractor to extract meaningful features from the training samples. Third, a prediction uncertainty and probabilistic local outlier factor (pLOF) were applied to the extracted features to address the label noise issue in the training data. Fourth, we adopted a random forest\u2013based recursive feature elimination (RF\u2010RFE) feature selection method with various combinations of features to recursively select the most influential ones for accurate predictions. Fifth, four base ML classifiers and a metamodel were selected to build our final stacking\u2010ensemble model, which integrates the prediction probabilities of multiple models into a meta\u2010feature set to ensure trustworthy predictions. Finally, we integrated these strategies and deployed them into a web application to demonstrate a CAD system. This system not only predicts the disease but also generates the prediction probabilities of each class, which enhances both clarity and diagnostic insight. Our proposed model was compared with different state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art ML classifiers on a publicly available dataset and demonstrated the highest accuracy of 92.43%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/acis\/6552580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T04:05:11Z","timestamp":1738209911000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Addressing Label Noise in Colorectal Cancer Classification Using Cross\u2010Entropy Loss and pLOF Methods With Stacking\u2010Ensemble Technique"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Ishrat Zahan","family":"Tani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9217-6390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kah Ong Michael","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Nazmul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1875-7592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Tarek","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6828-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M. Hasan","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9019-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dip","family":"Nandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14071732"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2021.104202"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v7.i12.422"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijehmc.2018040101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCISci.2012.6297253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1405"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0252-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app112210982"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2012.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39416-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","unstructured":"AmbedkarS. V. A Machine Learning Approach to Colorectal Cancer Screening Doctoral Dissertation Purdue University."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4722-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-11946-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GUCON.2018.8675097"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21758-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12178450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.jmi.9.2.027501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102640"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-6880-8_31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1685-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Intelligent Interactive Multimedia Systems and Services","author":"Cascianelli S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2017.7950492"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49409-8_46"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-020-03575-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10141662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4015\/s1016237221500228"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2017.2750210"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01942-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06264-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ima.22623"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2022.104172"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","first-page":"263","article-title":"Learning Curve Analysis on Adam, Sgd, and Adagrad Optimizers on a Convolutional Neural Network Model for Cancer Cells Recognition. ADCAIJ","volume":"11","author":"Jara J. D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICIS52592.2021.9694125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-022-00701-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35431-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","unstructured":"KatherJ. N. Z\u00f6llnerF. G. BianconiF.et al. Collection of Textures in Colorectal Cancer Histology 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","unstructured":"SimonyanK.andZissermanA. Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","unstructured":"PyTorch. Torch.tensor.register_Hook https:\/\/pytorch.org\/docs\/stable\/generated\/torch.Tensor.register_hook.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","first-page":"2304","article-title":"Mentornet: Learning Data-Driven Curriculum for Very Deep Neural Networks on Corrupted Labels","author":"Jiang L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"InInternational Conference on Machine Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","first-page":"4006","article-title":"Sigua: Forgetting May Make Learning With Noisy Labels More Robust","volume":"21","author":"Han B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"InInternational Conference on Machine Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","article-title":"Sample Selection With Uncertainty of Losses for Learning With Noisy Labels","author":"Xia X.","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.00445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","first-page":"1649","article-title":"LoOP: Local Outlier Probabilities","volume":"2","author":"Kriegel H. P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge mAnagement"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/335191.335388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","unstructured":"Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) for Feature Selection in Python https:\/\/machinelearningmastery.com\/rfe-feature-selection-in-python\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2835023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"Ensemble Learning. The Handbook of Brain Theory and","volume":"2","author":"Dietterich T. G.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en11040949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-7272-7.ch004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41870-017-0080-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2017.2673241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceh.2020.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.106.682658"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","first-page":"618","article-title":"Grad-Cam: Visual Explanations From Deep Networks via Gradient-Based Localization","author":"Selvaraju R. R.","year":"2017","journal-title":"In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","unstructured":"Gradio https:\/\/www.gradio.app\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","unstructured":"Hugging Face https:\/\/huggingface.co\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEI47359.2019.8988846"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlwa.2021.100168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_2","first-page":"128","article-title":"Cross-Modulated Few-Shot Image Generation for Colorectal Tissue Classification","author":"Kumar A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"InInternational Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-023-01882-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-020-03575-6"}],"container-title":["Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/acis\/6552580","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/acis\/6552580","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/acis\/6552580","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T11:45:13Z","timestamp":1772970313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/acis\/6552580"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/acis\/6552580"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/acis\/6552580","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9724","1687-9732"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9724","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9732","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-04","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6552580"}}