{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:53:10Z","timestamp":1773031990147,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":329,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP2\/512\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/512\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban travel behavior in developing cities forms a complex system with nonlinear interactions among socioeconomic factors, land use patterns, and transportation infrastructure. This study examines these intricate dynamics in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC), Bangladesh, using a multimodel approach to capture emergent properties of urban mobility. Analyzing data from 2286 households across six zones, we developed three interconnected models: Trip Production Model (TPM), Trip Attraction Model (TAM), and Household Kilometers Traveled Model (HKTM). The TPM showed that increasing household size by one unit boosts trip production by 1.537 times, while a one\u2010unit increase in accessibility raises it by 1.930 times. Interestingly, the TAM revealed that higher accessibility can decrease trip attractions (coefficient: \u22121.412), indicating emergent congestion effects. The HKTM indicated that a one\u2010unit improvement in road connectivity leads to an increase of 2.652\u2009km in household travel. Our results demonstrate that socioeconomic and land use factors explain 75.1% of the variability in trip production, emphasizing the system\u2019s complexity. The City Center, with the highest entropy index (0.80), attracted the most trips, whereas the Northern Fringe, despite a low entropy (0.52), generated the highest number of trips. These surprising findings highlight the nonlinear relationships in urban mobility and stress the importance of context\u2010specific solutions to address urban transportation challenges. By applying complex systems theory, including concepts of self\u2010organization and feedback loops, we provide a comprehensive framework for understanding and modeling urban transport dynamics in developing areas, offering valuable insights for adaptive policy\u2010making amid rapid urban growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/cplx\/4130063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T07:07:18Z","timestamp":1764227238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Land Use\u2010Transportation Nexus: A Comprehensive Analysis of Complexity Between Spatial Dynamics and Urban Travel Behavior in Developing Cities"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9742-3688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahir","family":"Shahrier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7544-5165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulla Al","family":"Kafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7760-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Alshayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44284-025-00256-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/9789210014380"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","volume-title":"Global CO2 Emissions From Transport: 2023 Update","author":"International Energy Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112970"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02144-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","volume-title":"World Cities Report 2024: The Fight Against Climate Change and Urbanization","author":"Un-Habitat","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2018.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6025821"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2022.101377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37728-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-025-01875-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2022.100683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9399.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08854120022092890"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2020.1857886"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/cplx\/4458996"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12691\/ajcea-1-4-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2021.108573"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trip.2021.100334"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43762-025-00170-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","article-title":"Transport Situation in Rajshahi","author":"Haque A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","unstructured":"World Population Review Rajshahi Population 2022 (Demographics Maps Graphs) 2022 https:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/world-cities\/rajshahi-population."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5198\/jtlu.v5i3.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2024wr037139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-025-02098-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12046-019-1104-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944361003766766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944363.2011.593483"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtte.2017.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2017.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13563475.2024.2393141"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","first-page":"117","article-title":"An Assessment of Urban Form and Pedestrian and Transit Improvements as an Integrated GHG Reduction Strategy","volume":"16","author":"Frank L. 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