{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:43:42Z","timestamp":1774352622664,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":69,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Malaria remains a major public health concern in Kenya, where changing climatic conditions, insecticide resistance, and mosquito behavioral adaptations continue to challenge control efforts. This study develops and analyzes a climate\u2010sensitive malaria transmission model that incorporates mosquito behavior, insecticide resistance, and vector\u2013human ecological dynamics to identify optimal control strategies for the Kenyan context. The model\u2019s well\u2010posedness was established, the basic reproduction number (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) computed using the next\u2010generation matrix method, and the stability of equilibrium points assessed. Spatial analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    was performed using temperature and rainfall raster data to map transmission risk across Kenya under varying insecticide use scenarios. Results indicate that regions with climatic conditions favorable for vector survival, particularly parts of the Eastern and Western regions, experience higher transmission intensity. Simulations show that while insecticide use (deltamethrin or permethrin) substantially reduces malaria prevalence, resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b4<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    = 0) results in\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    &gt; 1 and sustained transmission. An optimal control problem incorporating personal protection, antimalarial treatment, and vaccination was formulated and solved using Pontryagin\u2019s Maximum Principle. The most effective reduction in malaria prevalence was achieved when all three interventions were applied simultaneously, with infections declining to zero within 10\u2009days. These findings highlight the importance of integrating vector behavior, climate variability, and resistance dynamics into malaria models and support the use of combined intervention strategies to enhance control efforts in Kenya.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/cplx\/7988450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T08:12:58Z","timestamp":1773216778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimal Control Analysis of Malaria Transmission in the Presence of Insecticide Resistance and Climate Variability in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2018-069X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorna","family":"Chepkemoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0849-1663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Titus Okello","family":"Orwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9703-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Mwalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1639-1360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel Waema","family":"Mbogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steeven Belvinos","family":"Affognon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4027-3743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisy","family":"Salifu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-9186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri E. Z.","family":"Tonnang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17486700701529002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/jamcs\/2019\/46649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v28i1.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","volume-title":"Technical report","author":"Who World malaria report 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","article-title":"Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors: An Update at a Global Scale","volume":"07","author":"Jacob R. 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Kenya to Release Genetically Modified Mosquitoes to Fight Malaria 2024 https:\/\/nation.africa\/kenya\/health\/kenya-to-release-genetically-modified-mosquitoes-to-fight-malaria-4679332."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04787-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","volume-title":"Kenya National Malaria Strategy 2019\u20132023","author":"Nmcp Kenya","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04941-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.13335"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2023.e00297"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","unstructured":"Claudia Lacave Malaria is Thriving in Kenya Thanks to Climate Change 2023 https:\/\/www.gavi.org\/vaccineswork\/malaria-thriving-kenya-thanks-climate-change."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines for Malaria, 14 March 2023 Technical report","author":"Who Who guidelines","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JiaLi WelchR. M. NairU. S.et al. Dynamic Malaria Models With Environmental Changes Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory (Cat. 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