{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:01:37Z","timestamp":1773025297445,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]],"date-time":"2025-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":123,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Biomedical Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wideband antennas are extensively used in many medical applications, which require the placement of the antenna on or near a human body. The performance of the antenna should remain compliant with the requirements of the target application when placed in front of the subject under investigation. Since the performance of an antenna varies when the distance from the subject is changed, the effect of varying the distance of a miniaturized wideband antipodal Vivaldi antenna from a numerical head model is analyzed in this work. The analyses can demonstrate whether the antenna performance and its effect on the head aptly comply with the requirements for the intended application of microwave brain imaging. It is observed that, when the antenna\u2010head distance is increased, the background noise in the received signal is enhanced, whereas when the distance is reduced, the radiation\u2010safety consideration on the head is affected. Hence, the optimum distance should provide a good compromise in terms of both signal receptibility by the antenna and radiation safety on the head. As the optimum antenna\u2010to\u2010head distance may vary with the change in antenna, measurement system, and the surrounding medium, this work presents a basic analysis procedure to find the appropriate antenna distance for the intended application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/ijbi\/8872566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T02:50:57Z","timestamp":1746413457000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the Effect of Antenna\u2010to\u2010Head Distance for Microwave Brain Imaging Applications"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8348-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhana","family":"Parveen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Parveen","family":"Wahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22093230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-015-0193-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.2018028554"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","volume-title":"Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-2023","author":"Parveen F.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02656736.2016.1271911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211797052538"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JERM.2020.3026588"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11142258"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ParveenF.andWahidP. Microwave head imaging system for detection of blood clots inside the brain 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (APS\/URSI) 2021 Singapore Singapore 591\u2013592 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/APS\/URSI47566.2021.9703738.","DOI":"10.1109\/APS\/URSI47566.2021.9703738"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ParveenF.andWahidP. Detection of blood clots inside the brain using microwave imaging 2022 3rd URSI Atlantic and Asia Pacific Radio Science Meeting (AT-AP-RASC) 2022 Gran Canaria Spain 1\u20134 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23919\/AT-AP-RASC54737.2022.9814275.","DOI":"10.23919\/AT-AP-RASC54737.2022.9814275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51620-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16041496"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20092607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJAP.2022.3194217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00436-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001210"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","volume-title":"IEEE Standard for Safety Levels With Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz","author":"IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 2","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1750906"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA303903"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.800759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","unstructured":"MasonP. A. MurphyM. R. andPetersenR. C. IEEE EMF health & safety standards Proc Asian Ocean Reg EMF Sci Meet 2001 Seoul Korea 1\u20136."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Biomedical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijbi\/8872566","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/ijbi\/8872566","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/ijbi\/8872566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T02:39:22Z","timestamp":1773023962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/ijbi\/8872566"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anne","family":"Clough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/ijbi\/8872566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/ijbi\/8872566","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-4188","1687-4196"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-4188","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-4196","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-14","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8872566"}}