{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T10:08:36Z","timestamp":1774346916397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":81,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In response to the limitations of traditional Otsu image segmentation\u2014namely high computational overhead and suboptimal segmentation accuracy\u2014this paper proposes an enhanced optimization framework: the Multileader and Fractional\u2010Order Self\u2010learning Sparrow Search Algorithm (MLFS\u2010SSA). By integrating a fractional\u2010order update mechanism, individual agents retain and leverage historical state information during position updates, facilitating escape from local optima and accelerating convergence. Furthermore, a multileader memory strategy is designed to reducing population search pattern redundancy and improving solution diversity. A self\u2010learning mutation mechanism and L\u00e9vy flight perturbation are incorporated to reinforce local exploitation and global exploration, respectively. The proposed algorithm is applied to solve the Otsu multithreshold optimization problem, using the interclass variance criterion as the objective function. Extensive experiments on benchmark images demonstrate that MLFS\u2010SSA significantly outperforms classical algorithms in terms of segmentation accuracy and computational efficiency. Ablation studies further confirm the individual contributions of each strategy to the algorithm\u2019s overall performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/int\/3010115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T06:27:46Z","timestamp":1774333666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Fractional\u2010Order Self\u2010Learning Sparrow Search Algorithm for Multithreshold Image Segmentation"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9560-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoutong","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8764-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8942-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiyang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2017.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40998-019-00251-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142977","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3013951","article-title":"Cold Chain Logistics Path Optimization via Improved Multi-Objective Ant Colony Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Zhang B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Neural Network-Based Deep Learning Approach for Efficient Segmentation of Brain Tumor Medical Image Data","volume":"36","author":"Veeramuthu A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2837062"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02143-3","article-title":"Multilevel Thresholding-Based Image Segmentation Using a New Multistage Hybrid Optimization Algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Upadhyay P.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math10071014"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_2","first-page":"11163","article-title":"A Novel Equilibrium Optimization Algorithm for Multi-Thresholding Image Segmentation Problems","volume":"32","author":"Abdel-Basset M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Computing and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-023-16300-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_2","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Multilevel Image Thresholding With Multimodal Optimization","volume":"80","author":"Farshi T. 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