{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:45:48Z","timestamp":1783467948750,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":98,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72274096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72274096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71774084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71774084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72301136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72301136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72174087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72174087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2022182009L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2022182009L"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>User and artificial intelligence generated contents, coupled with the multimodal nature of information, have made the identification of false news an arduous task. While models can assist users in improving their cognitive abilities, commonly used black\u2010box models lack transparency, posing a significant challenge for interpretability. This study proposes a novel credibility assessment method of social media content, leveraging multimodal features by optimizing the hierarchical belief rule\u2010based (HBRB) inference method. Compared to other popular feature engineering and deep learning models, our method integrates, analyses, and filters relevant features, improving the HBRB structure to make the model layered, independent, and interconnected, enhancing interpretability and controllability, thereby addressing the rule combination explosion problem. The results highlight the potential of our method to improve the integrity of the online information ecosystem, offering a promising solution for more transparent and reliable credibility assessment in social media.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/int\/7184626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T10:53:11Z","timestamp":1744195991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enhancing Interpretability: A Hierarchical Belief Rule\u2010Based (HBRB) Method for Assessing Multimodal Social Media Credibility"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7455-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7295-0971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7537-5712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/intr-05-2012-0095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmm.2016.2617078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KhattarD. GoudJ. S. GuptaM. andVarmaV. Mvae: Multimodal Variational Autoencoder for Fake News Detection The World Wide Web Conference June 2019 Austin TX 2915\u20132921 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3308558.3313552 2-s2.0-85066898250.","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313552"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenY. LiD. ZhangP.et al. Cross-modal Ambiguity Learning for Multimodal Fake News Detection Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022 May 2022 Stuttgart Germany 2897\u20132905 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3485447.3511968.","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3511968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.120537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","unstructured":"MaJ. GaoW. MitraP.et al. Detecting Rumors from Microblogs with Recurrent Neural Networks Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence July 2016 New York NY 3818\u20133824."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChenT. LiX. YinH. andZhangJ. Call Attention to Rumors: Deep Attention Based Recurrent Neural Networks for Early Rumor Detection Trends and Applications in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining: PAKDD 2018 Workshops BDASC BDM ML4Cyber PAISI DaMEMO June 2018 Melbourne Australia 40\u201352 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-04503-6_4 2-s2.0-85059067631.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04503-6_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YongZ. YaoH. andWuY. Rumors Detection in Sina Weibo Based on Text and User Characteristics 2018 2nd IEEE Advanced Information Management Communicates Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC) May 2018 Xi\u2019an China IEEE 1380\u20131386.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMCEC.2018.8469468"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PopatK. Assessing the Credibility of Claims on the Web Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion April 2017 Perth Australia 735\u2013739 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3041021.3053379 2-s2.0-85060283089.","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3053379"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MendozaM. PobleteB. andCastilloC. Twitter under Crisis: Can We Trust what We RT? Proceedings of the First Workshop on Social Media Analytics May 2010 New York NY SOMA\u201910 71\u201379.","DOI":"10.1145\/1964858.1964869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2013.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","first-page":"8164","article-title":"Multimodal Sarcasm Target Identification in Tweets","volume":"1","author":"Wang J.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ShangL. KouZ. ZhangY. andWangD. A Duo-Generative Approach to Explainable Multimodal Covid-19 Misinformation Detection Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2022 April 2022 Austin TX 3623\u20133631 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3485447.3512257.","DOI":"10.1145\/3485447.3512257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZengV. LiuX. andVermaR. M. Does Deception Leave a Content Independent Stylistic Trace? Proceedings of the Twelfth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy May 2022 New York NY 349\u2013351 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3508398.3519358.","DOI":"10.1145\/3508398.3519358"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","unstructured":"HardalovM. AroraA. NakovP. andAugensteinI. A Survey on Stance Detection for Mis-And Disinformation Identification 2021 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.00242."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tkde.2022.3185151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2011.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2023.103883"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SinghalS. PandeyT. MrigS. ShahR. R. andKumaraguruP. Leveraging Intra and Inter Modality Relationship for Multimodal Fake News Detection Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2022 April 2022 Lyon France 726\u2013734.","DOI":"10.1145\/3487553.3524650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2023.109028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2886314"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.118111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.114351"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"QiP. CaoJ. YangT. GuoJ. andLiJ. Exploiting Multi-Domain Visual Information for Fake News Detection 2019 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM) November 2019 Beijing China IEEE 518\u2013527.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2019.00062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0219622017500055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2017.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","article-title":"Survey on Techniques, Applications and Security of Machine Learning Interpretability","volume":"56","author":"Shouling J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Research and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","first-page":"1201","article-title":"The Interpretability of Rule-Based Modeling Approach and its Development","volume":"47","author":"Zhou Z.-J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Automatica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.112960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2023.114033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SarkarA. VijaykeerthyD. SarkarA. andBalasubramanianV. N. A Framework for Learning Ante-hoc Explainable Models via Concepts Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition June 2022 Silver Spring MD 10286\u201310295.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tfuzz.2019.2892348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2019.113132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2018.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.111392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.123111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2015.2460697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2023.103321"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2024.3381038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","unstructured":"YangZ. MaJ. ChenH. LinH. LuoZ. andChangY. A Coarse-To-Fine Cascaded Evidence-Distillation Neural Network for Explainable Fake News Detection 2022 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2209.14642."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/335"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PanH. LinZ. FuP. QiY. andWangW. Modeling Intra and Inter-modality Incongruity for Multi-Modal Sarcasm Detection Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020 June 2020 New York NY.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","unstructured":"DhawanM. SharmaS. KadamA. SharmaR. andKumaraguruP. Game-On: Graph Attention Network Based Multimodal Fusion for Fake News Detection 2022 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2202.12478."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WuL. RaoY. YangX. WangW. andNazirA. Evidence-Aware Hierarchical Interactive Attention Networks for Explainable Claim Verification Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Conference on International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence July 2021 Yokohama Japan 1388\u20131394 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/193.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2014.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsmca.2005.851270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","first-page":"1975","article-title":"A Belief-Rule-Based Inference Method for Modeling Systems under Uncertainties","volume":"36","author":"Guo M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systems Engineering\u2014Theory & Practice"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2009.07.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2018.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MaJ. GaoW. WeiZ. LuY. andWongK.-F. Detect Rumors Using Time Series of Social Context Information on Microblogging Websites Proceedings of the 24th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management June 2015 Melbourne Australia 1751\u20131754.","DOI":"10.1145\/2806416.2806607"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YangF. LiuY. YuX. andYangM. Automatic Detection of Rumor on Sina Weibo Proceedings of the ACM SIGKDD Workshop on Mining Data Semantics August 2012 Beijing China 1\u20137 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2350190.2350203 2-s2.0-84866601896.","DOI":"10.1145\/2350190.2350203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhangX. CaoJ. LiX. ShengQ. ZhongL. andShuK. Mining Dual Emotion for Fake News Detection Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021 April 2021 New York NY 3465\u20133476 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3442381.3450004.","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_2","article-title":"Integrating Emotional Divergence and User Interests into the Prediction of Microblog Retweeting","volume":"61","author":"Xiaobo T.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Library and Information Service"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WuK. YangS. andZhuK. Q. False Rumors Detection on Sina Weibo by Propagation Structures 2015 IEEE 31st International Conference on Data Engineering April 2015 Seoul Republic of Korea IEEE 651\u2013662.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2015.7113322"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_2","unstructured":"AgrawalR.andSrikantR. Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules 20th International Conference Very Large Data Bases VLDB May 1994 Santiago Chile 487\u2013499."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NanQ. CaoJ. ZhuY. WangY. andLiJ. MDFEND: Multi-Domain Fake News Detection Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management October 2021 Birmingham UK 3343\u20133347 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3459637.3482139.","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482139"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13278-016-0327-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhouX. WuJ. andZafaraniR. Safe: Similarity-Aware Multi-Modal Fake News Detection 2020 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.04981.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-47436-2_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_2","volume-title":"OpenCV Computer Vision with python","author":"Howse J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-011-0314-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2008.10.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.117706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AjaoO. BhowmikD. andZargariS. Fake News Identification on Twitter with Hybrid Cnn and Rnn Models Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society July 2018 Copenhagen Denmark 226\u2013230.","DOI":"10.1145\/3217804.3217917"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102652"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102437"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-023-02795-0"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/int\/7184626","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/int\/7184626","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/int\/7184626","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T18:14:36Z","timestamp":1772993676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/int\/7184626"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohammad Rezwan","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/int\/7184626"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/int\/7184626","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8173","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-111X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7184626"}}