{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:07:33Z","timestamp":1780567653902,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":154,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Detecting breast cancer has always been a challenging task in medicinal field. Among various screening techniques, breast thermography proves to be a reliable technique. Though it aids in the diagnosis of tumors, its low color contrast between diseased and normal tissues makes it difficult to identify subtle image features and detect cancer in thick breast tissues. To solve these problems, this study presents an adaptive multiaverage gamma correction (AMAGC) technique that improves breast thermograms by increasing contrast between cancerous and normal regions. Using an enhanced greyscale image as a reference, the AMAGC method separates the grayscale thermogram into several subimages according to their different brightness levels (low, medium, and high). This is followed by applying customized average gamma corrections to each subimage, and then performing histogram matching on the Value (V) component of the HSV color model. This technique was implemented on PC running MATLAB 2016a. Comprehensive objective quality measures, such as PSNR, AMBE, SSIM, and DSSIM, were used for validation. Dimension\u2010reduced GLCM features were used for classification using a Random Forest (RF) classifier created in Python\/Jupiter. The classification stage is used exclusively to test the diagnostic value of the improved thermograms. A total of 120 segmented thermal pictures received from the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam, India, constitute the dataset. With the RF classifier achieving 95.3% accuracy, 97.2% sensitivity, and 95.7% specificity, experimental results showed that AMAGC significantly outperformed traditional methods, such as BBHE, DSIHE, and RETINEX, in both subjective and objective assessments, emphasizing the efficacy of the proposed improvement method in computer\u2010aided diagnosis in breast cancer cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/int\/9714490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:45:48Z","timestamp":1780566348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine Learning Classifier\u2013Based Breast Thermography Enhancement Using Adaptive Multiaverage Gamma Correction for Breast Cancer Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1106-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa Matoso Manguangua","family":"Victor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-8366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Vajravelu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0397-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmarashid Bin","family":"Ponniran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7563-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arul Edwin","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-3537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Riyaz","family":"Ahammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1041-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janani","family":"Selvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21533\/scjournal.v8i1.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5543101"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20202401"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5566853"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000329005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2554594"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/3.651915","volume-title":"Thermal Infrared Characterization of Ground Targets and Backgrounds","author":"Jacobs P. A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10020551"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02330-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","volume-title":"Digital Image Processing","author":"Goanzalez R. C.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14419\/ijet.v7i2.33.14811"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5120\/ijca2016909233"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/30.754419"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2003.1261233"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2009.5373771"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.601006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2226047"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","first-page":"1675","article-title":"Adaptive Image Enhancement Approach Based on Double-Plateaus Histogram","volume":"98","author":"Ibrahem hM.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050682"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VLSI.0000028532.53893.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PariharA. S.andSinghK. A Study on Retinex Based Method for Image Enhancement Nternational Conference on Inventive Systems and Control (ICISC) 2018 Coimbatore India https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICISC.2018.8398874 2-s2.0-85050099499.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICISC.2018.8398874"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1809.04529"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25046\/aj040115"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2104.10729"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2014.10.178"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01419-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11760-022-02214-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5815\/ijigsp.2014.10.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jcc.2019.73002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2019.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5614\/j.eng.technol.sci.2018.50.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17686733.2020.1768497"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-08933-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YifanD. JialinL. andBoxiF. Forecast Model of Breast Cancer Diagnosis Based on RFAdaBoost International Conference on Communications Information System and Computer Engineering (CISCE) 2021 Beijing China IEEE 716\u2013719 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CISCE52179.2021.9445847.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISCE52179.2021.9445847"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21641846.2021.1885119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.33246.28486"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijthermalsci.2020.106712"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-21212-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96827-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_2","volume-title":"Deep Learning for Medical Decision Support Systems","author":"Kose U.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_2","volume-title":"Diagnosis","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_2","unstructured":"KoseU.andAlzubiJ. Deep Learning for Cancer."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2019.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AliA. M. AlzubiJ. A. GheisariM.et al. Artificial Neural Networks Training Algorithm Integrating Invasive Weed Optimization With Differential Evolutionary Model Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12652-020-02623-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-020-02623-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.02.054"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/int\/9714490","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/int\/9714490","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/int\/9714490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:45:53Z","timestamp":1780566353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/int\/9714490"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/int\/9714490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/int\/9714490","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-8173","1098-111X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-8173","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-111X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9714490"}}