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Clinical misclassification has remained the baseline for the diagnosis of leptospirosis, which poses an uphill challenge to clinical management and epidemiological modeling, which could distort the estimation of our burden of disease, thus further delaying public health interventions. This paper provides an overview of trends in modeling approaches for leptospirosis, with a focus on one of the major challenges of diagnostic inaccuracies in relation to effects on model reliability. Finally, the shortcomings of the classic models are discussed in the context that misdiagnosis has not been well represented, and heeding the strides that have recently been made towards developing ways in which diagnostic uncertainty can be incorporated within these frameworks. Enhanced model accuracy of leptospirosis for robustness will help enhance our understanding of the dynamics of diseases to better inform effective intervention strategies. The importance of interdisciplinary communication between epidemiologists, clinicians, and modelers in addressing the misdiagnosis of infectious disease models is outlined herein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jama\/1691122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T06:34:03Z","timestamp":1747809243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leptospirosis Dynamics With Misdiagnosis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4690-8547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Japheth Musingila","family":"Mwongela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Kanyiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Kitetu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03797-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4997\/JRCPE.2018.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31128\/AFP-07-17-4286"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(03)00830-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","volume-title":"MModelling Diagnostic Error to Improve Estimation of Helminth Treatment Efficacy, Age-Specific Prevalence and Enhance Comparison of Diagnostic Tools","author":"Guiza G.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2021.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.897741"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08935-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2005.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40819-015-0102-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2020.105664"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/am.2013.410A2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Leptospirosis: Fact Sheet for Clinicians 2018 1\u20134 Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/leptospirosis\/pdf\/fsleptospirosis-clinicians-eng-508.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","article-title":"Leptospirosis Dynamics and Reservoir Interactions in Slum Communities: An Agent-Based Modeling Approach","volume":"5","author":"P\u00e9rez J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","first-page":"198","article-title":"Post-Flood Leptospirosis Modeling in the Philippines","volume":"118","author":"Lau C. 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