{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:40:01Z","timestamp":1776397201609,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":120,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nosocomial infections, such as those caused by carbapenem\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CRKP) transmitted into hospitals, worsen patient outcomes, strain healthcare infrastructure, increase treatment costs, prolong hospital stays, and complicate medical treatment due to their high level of antibiotic resistance. Taking into account these detrimental aspects, this study deals with a dynamic system of nonlinear differential equations with maintenance preventive strategies, and treatment applying combination therapy has been considered to prevent CRKP transmission and reduce antibiotic resistance while accounting for two hospital populations. The analytical analysis includes positivity, boundedness, existence of a unique solution, stability at equilibrium points, reproduction number (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), sensitivity, and convergence of state variables. And, the numerical simulations were performed using the fourth\u2010order Runge\u2013Kutta method. We find that the proper implementation of hygiene practices among hospitalized patients and the consistent use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers play an important role in preventing CRKP transmission in hospitals. Additionally, applying combination therapy as a treatment approach for CRKP reduces antibiotic resistance. Consequently, this improves hospital safety and ensures a healthier environment by minimizing the spread of infectious agents and reducing the risks of nosocomial infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jama\/3002490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:14:43Z","timestamp":1746173683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mathematical Analysis on Transmission of Nosocomial Infection Applying Combination Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Saiful Islam","family":"Rokib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahadat","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Binte","family":"Malek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fariha Akter","family":"Ruhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6803-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uzzwal Kumar","family":"Mallick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","unstructured":"SikoraA.andFarahZ. Nosocomial Infections 2020 retrieved September 2024 https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/nbk\/nbk559312."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mki006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","unstructured":"WHO Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 retrieved November 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/antimicrobial-resistance."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","unstructured":"WHO Antimicrobial Resistance 2023 retrieved November 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antimicrobialresistance."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07728-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","unstructured":"Wikipedia Klebsiella pneumoniae 2019 retrieved November 2024 https:\/\/www.menarini.com\/en-us\/pharmaceuticals\/antiinfectives\/carbapenem-resistant-enterobacterales."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00895"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/667738"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","unstructured":"CDC Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (cre) Infection: Clinician Faqs 2021 retrieved October 2024 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/HAI\/organisms\/klebsiella\/klebsiella.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1151-1161.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01053-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy657"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","unstructured":"CDC Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States 2019 retrieved November 2024 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/antimicrobialresistance\/data-research\/threats\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2024.101083"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","unstructured":"WHO Brochure\u2013Empowered Communities to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance: Overview of the Initiative 2024 retrieved November 2024 https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreaknews\/item\/2024-DON527."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1207121"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1367422"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041068"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S386385"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03614-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-023-00852-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4201373"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-50889-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2024.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oca.2516"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02286203.2017.1320820"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.padiff.2023.100604"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocs.2024.102286"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-024-05154-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.106924"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42511-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","first-page":"84","article-title":"On the Existence, Uniqueness, Stability of Solution and Numerical Simulations of a Mathematical Model for Measles Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Sowole S. O.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Advances in Mathematics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029300200103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-9927-9_32"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2004.1.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2006.3.603"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5890\/JAND.2020.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-008-9299-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-023-01894-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2010.488300"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2910.230153"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jama\/3002490","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jama\/3002490","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jama\/3002490","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:40:29Z","timestamp":1776393629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jama\/3002490"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Waleed","family":"Adel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jama\/3002490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jama\/3002490","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1110-757X","1687-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1110-757X","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-0042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3002490"}}