{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:40:43Z","timestamp":1776397243385,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":311,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Applied Mathematics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study presents a mathematical model to understand and control the spread of drug\u2010resistant tuberculosis (DR\u2010TB). A system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is developed to represent the transmission dynamics, incorporating prevention and treatment strategies. Well\u2010posedness, positivity, and boundedness of solution of the model are explained. The basic reproduction number is derived, and stability analysis of fixed point reveals that the disease\u2010free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                    &lt; 1. Sensitivity analysis identifies transmission rate and treatment effectiveness as key parameters influencing basic reproduction number. To optimize disease management, the model incorporates control strategies using Pontryagin\u2019s minimum principle, minimizing both infections and intervention costs. Numerical simulations compare double and combined interventions, demonstrating that simultaneous application of all controls significantly reduces DR\u2010TB prevalence. Furthermore, cost\u2010effectiveness analysis highlights prevention and treatment of multidrug\u2010resistant TB as the most impactful strategies, providing actionable insights for policymakers in resource\u2010limited settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jama\/4101918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T08:29:03Z","timestamp":1762590543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mathematical Model Dynamics of Drug\u2010Resistant Tuberculosis and Its Optimal Control Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7364-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Hasen","family":"Galete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0721-8654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Yiha","family":"Dawed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5166-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Legesse Lemecha","family":"Obsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","volume-title":"Number WHO\/CDS\/TB\/2019.7","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","volume-title":"Modeling the Transmission of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Ethiopia","author":"Sileshi S.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14378"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.16.0826"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005561"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","volume-title":"TB Fact Sheet: WHO Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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