{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:45:53Z","timestamp":1773013553665,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sign language is a primary communication modality for many deaf and hard\u2010of\u2010hearing individuals, yet many recognition systems remain limited by static\u2010gesture assumptions and weak generalization to realistic acquisition variability. This paper presents a real\u2010time dynamic Pakistan Sign Language (PSL) gesture recognition framework that combines YOLOv8 for hand localization with recurrent temporal modeling for sequence classification. A dynamic PSL dataset was collected from 20 participants covering 20 gesture classes (2220 RGB and Kinect video sequences), recorded across five sessions, multiple environments, three lighting conditions (bright, moderate, and dim), and three capture distances (2, 3, and 4\u2009ft). To address generalization concerns, we report signer\u2010independent leave\u2010one\u2010subject\u2010out (LOSO) evaluation with mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation, along with complementary cross\u2010session and cross\u2010environment tests, and an aggregate confusion matrix computed over the independent test predictions. Under LOSO, the proposed temporal model using bounding box and velocity features achieves 93.04%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.61% accuracy with macro\u2010F1 of 0.930\u2009\u00b1\u20090.016. Cross\u2010session testing (train sessions 1\u20134 and test session 5) yields 95.62%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.84% accuracy, while cross\u2010environment testing (leave\u2010one\u2010environment\u2010out) achieves 91.18%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.94% accuracy, quantifying performance under domain shift. We further provide controlled baselines and ablations, including YOLO\u2010only majority voting, CNN\u2009+\u2009LSTM on YOLO\u2010cropped hand images, a lightweight 3D CNN on short clips, and a GRU variant, confirming the contribution of temporal modeling and motion cues. The system maintains accuracy above 90% under varying lighting and distance conditions, supporting practical real\u2010time deployment. Limitations include the current focus on manual hand gestures only; future work will integrate nonmanual cues (face and body pose) for more linguistically complete PSL processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jece\/2415428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:30:42Z","timestamp":1773009042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real\u2010Time Recognition of Dynamic Gestures in Pakistan Sign Language Using YOLO and LSTM Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Tabassum","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rehan Mehmood","family":"Yousaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3455-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saud","family":"Altaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2861-2673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujaat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dilawar","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0826-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AhujaM. 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