{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:31:59Z","timestamp":1773793919084,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":288,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, optical routers play an indispensable role in the ONoCs. The 4\u2009\u00d7\u20094, 5\u2009\u00d7\u20095, and scalable optical routers based on Mach\u2013Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and microring resonator (MRR) are proposed. These routers are designed for a deadlock\u2010free Odd\u2013Even turning model. The four\u2010 and five\u2010port and scalable optical routers are extended to improve network performance and physical\u2010layer parameters for a broad range of silicon nanophotonic multicore interconnection topologies. Compared with previously reported router designs, these router designs allow quantifying improved system performance parameters in terms of insertion loss (IL) for well\u2010known photonic interconnection topologies. Simulation results demonstrate that four\u2010 and five\u2010port optical routers utilizing Odd\u2013Even MRR technology significantly enhance network performance over conventional router architectures. In particular, within mesh topologies, these routers achieve remarkable reductions in IL, improving by approximately 30.22% and 68.40% compared with standard designs. The routing performance of this router is simulated by the successful transmission of a 20\u2010Gbps optical signal at the wavelength of 1552\u2009nm for each qualified port from a choice of physical paths. Moreover, the growth of the number of MRR used in the structure of Odd\u2013Even scalable router design per N I\/O ports has been significantly reduced compared to previous scalable MRR\u2010based designs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jece\/2806449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T05:39:12Z","timestamp":1760679552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["OENMOP: Loss\u2010Aware 4\u2009\u00d7\u20094 and 5\u2009\u00d7\u20095 and Scalable Nonblocking Optical Switches Designed for Odd\u2013Even Routing Algorithm for Chip\u2010Scale Interconnection Networks"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-3896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negin Bagheri","family":"Renani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0399-4130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham","family":"Yaghoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4448-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Mohammadirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2024.103171"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4926\/24060006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-0010-4_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.59.4.046104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","first-page":"143","article-title":"A Review of Optical Routers in Photonic Networks-on-Chip: A Literature Survey","volume":"4","author":"Bagheri Renani N.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Advances in Computer Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-021-03920-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2010.2044231"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tc.2015.2458866"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Non-Blocking Routers Design Based on West First Routing Algorithm & MZI Switches for Photonic Noc","volume":"10","author":"Seifolahi M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Advances in Computer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphot.2018.2841401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/prj.4.000202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2015.2446463"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-017-2096-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/71.877831"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tc.2008.78"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WangH. PetraccaM. BibermanA. LeeB. G. CarloniL. P. andBergmanK. Nanophotonic Optical Interconnection Network Architecture for on-Chip and off-Chip Communications Optical Fiber Communication Conference 2008.","DOI":"10.1109\/OFC.2008.4528127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcad.2011.2157157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DuG. LiangD. SongY. andZhangD. A Dynamic and Mixed Routing Algorithm for 2D Mesh Noc 2013 International Conference on Anti-Counterfeiting Security and Identification (ASID) 2013 1\u20134 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASID.2013.6825285 2-s2.0-84903286908.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASID.2013.6825285"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SinghJ. K. SwainA. K. Kamal ReddyT. N. andMahapatraK. K. Performance Evalulation of Different Routing Algorithms in Network on Chip 2013 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia) 2013 180\u2013185 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PrimeAsia.2013.6731201 2-s2.0-84894544193.","DOI":"10.1109\/PrimeAsia.2013.6731201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2023.3337321"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2014.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-Cdt.2013.0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/oe.26.008375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChanJ. HendryG. BibermanA. BergmanK. andCarloniL. P. Phoenixsim: A Simulator for Physical-Layer Analysis of Chip-Scale Photonic Interconnection Networks 2010 Design Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE 2010) 2010 691\u2013696 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/date.2010.5457114.","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2010.5457114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3038704"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","unstructured":"VargaA. Discrete Event Simulation System Proceedings of the European Simulation Multiconference (ESM\u20192001) 2001 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.32.002801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2006.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jphot.2017.2718019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2016.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ao.57.003838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.oe.54.3.035102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ol.23.001855"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HOTI.2007.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChanJ. BibermanA. LeeB. G. andBergmanK. Insertion Loss Analysis in a Photonic Interconnection Network for on-Chip and off-Chip Communications Leos 2008-21st Annual Meeting of the Ieee Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 2008 300\u2013301 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/leos.2008.4688609 2-s2.0-58049152399.","DOI":"10.1109\/LEOS.2008.4688609"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11082-016-0825-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jctn.2013.2881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","first-page":"947","article-title":"Five-Port Optical Router Based on Silicon Microring Optical Switches for Photonic Networks-on-Chip","volume":"28","author":"Jia H.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ieee Photonics Technology Letters"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1070\/qel15964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lpt.2008.921100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2012.2227945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jlt.2017.2737659"}],"container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jece\/2806449","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jece\/2806449","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jece\/2806449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:38:54Z","timestamp":1773779934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jece\/2806449"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nihal","family":"F. F. Areed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jece\/2806449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jece\/2806449","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0147","2090-0155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0147","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2806449"}}