{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:31:43Z","timestamp":1773793903951,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":350,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/TK08\/UNIMAP\/02\/47"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2022\/TK08\/UNIMAP\/02\/47"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    It is crucial to operate photovoltaic (PV) systems at their maximum output under a variety of environmental conditions. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) can be used to achieve the optimum power of a PV system, which is always dependent on the surrounding conditions. Performance evaluation of MPPT with opposition\u2010based learning\u2013Levy flight optimization (OBLLFO) and a boost converter was presented in this paper. Several MPPT methods have recently been considered as alternatives to conventional MPPT methods, which have high steady\u2010state oscillation and low efficiency. In order to solve the aforementioned issues, a soft computing method OBLLFO is suggested. The verification of the conventional and soft computing algorithms was conducted using a standalone PV system. A total of four MPPT algorithms, namely, perturb and observe (P&amp;O), particle swarm optimization (PSO), Levy flight optimization (LFO), and OBLLFO, were presented in this paper to prove that the OBLLFO has the best performance under uniform irradiances and varying environmental conditions. In this simulation, a standalone PV system with a resistive load, DC\u2010DC converter, MPPT algorithm, and PV modules was used. Under MATLAB\/Simulink, the MPPT algorithms are tested under three main conditions which are under high irradiance (1000\u2009W\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), medium irradiance (600\u2009W\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), low irradiance (200\u2009W\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and dynamic response under a step change of irradiance from partial shading condition (PSC) to uniform irradiance (1000\u2009W\/m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Based on the simulation results, the OBLLFO method shows the best MPPT methods with better tracking efficiency of an average of 99.90%, a tracking speed of 4.0\u2009s, and a steady\u2010state oscillation of 0.09%. In conclusion, the proposed OBLLFO demonstrates its ability in tracking local and global points with high efficiency and low steady\u2010state oscillation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jece\/5001433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T05:53:55Z","timestamp":1766037235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maximum Power Point Tracking With Opposition\u2010Based Learning\u2013Levy Flight Optimization for a Standalone Photovoltaic System"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Kamini","family":"Somesunthrim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8816-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanuri","family":"Charin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Baharuddin","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0614-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Bani Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30501\/jree.2024.408699.1638"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","unstructured":"REN Renewables 2018 Global Status Report 2018 https:\/\/www.ren21.net\/gsr-2018\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.09.094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12667-021-00427-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15062104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15051880"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.03.175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2021.01.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.126366"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.12.152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2023.029457"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sasc.2022.200040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11030992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.02.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.12.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sftr.2020.100020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.06.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.109719"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111135"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37934\/araset.49.1.108116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15197370"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MashkoorS. VermaP. andTariqM. Design and Analysis of a Solar PV System for a Remote Village Using MPPT Algorithm Based on Optimization Techniques 2022 2nd International Conference on Emerging Frontiers in Electrical and Electronic Technologies (ICEFEET) 2022 IEEE 1\u20136 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICEFEET51821.2022.9848311.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEFEET51821.2022.9848311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NaseemM. Aslam HusainM. Dinesh KumarJ. AhmadM. W. MinaiA. F. andAhmad KhanA. 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