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Improving the two above\u2010mentioned reasons could make it attractive. The optimal use of the energy generated by a PV system could lead to a significant reduction of its energy cost, while boosting its performance. The performance improvement of a PV system for rural electrification has been demonstrated in this study. A techno\u2010economic analysis has been performed on two different PV systems scenarios based on an optimal design using Firefly algorithm. The reduction of the power losses for operating a solar mill led to the reduction of the cost of the PV solar energy and the reduction of the cereals milling cost. The cost of energy (\n                    <jats:italic>COE<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) for the optimal system designed is 0.1702 $\/kWh when the system is used only for electrification, while it is 0.1684 $\/kWh when the system combines electrification with cereals milling. The combination of electrification and milling increased the load power demand by 5.039%, reduced the power losses by about 8%, and reduced the battery discharge by about 2.57%, in comparison with the configuration where milling is not considered. The optimal milling system designed corresponds to a cost of milling (\n                    <jats:italic>COM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of 0.0063 $\/kg and a throughput of 62.4608\u2009kg\/h. It came out that the milling system designed (composed of an electric motor of 2\u2009kW with a speed of 1000\u2009rpm, and a hammer mill of 1.6778\u2009kW with a speed of 3800\u2009rpm) could be able to fulfill the daily milling demand of 938 people per day. It appeared that photovoltaic electric milling could be more cost\u2010effective than diesel milling mostly used in sub\u2010Saharan Africa. The sensitivity analysis on the\n                    <jats:italic>COE<\/jats:italic>\n                    has shown that load, project lifetime, and interest rate are the parameters that most influence the\n                    <jats:italic>COE<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Likewise, the sensitivity analysis on the\n                    <jats:italic>COM<\/jats:italic>\n                    has shown that the project lifetime and the electrical energy purchased are the most influential parameters on the variation of the\n                    <jats:italic>COM<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jece\/8843767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:50:09Z","timestamp":1758603009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance Improvement of Rural Electrification\u2013Based PV Energy System: A Case Study in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-0380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben Zieba","family":"Falama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3455-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanxia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","unstructured":"Electric Grain Milling\u2014A USD $2.5 Billion Opportunity Across Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) https:\/\/crossboundary.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/CrossBoundary-Grain-Milling-Innovation-Insights-March-2024.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","volume-title":"Renewable Energy for Agri-Food Systems\u2014Towards the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris agreement","author":"IRENA and FAO","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","unstructured":"Acc\u00e8s \u00e0 L\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 (% de la Population)\u2013Chad Groupe Banque Mondiale https:\/\/donnees.banquemondiale.org\/indicateur\/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=TD."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","unstructured":"Projet d\u2019Accroissement d\u2019Acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9nergie au Tchad (PAAET) https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099430002252217583\/pdf\/Rapport0CPR0PAAET0final.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/2413-3051\/2017\/v28i2a2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uncres.2024.100079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128899"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.124048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2025.102122"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2022.104782"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36990"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40031-021-00576-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.124639"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2020.100887"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssaho.2023.100754"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13137271"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","volume-title":"Factors Influencing the Adoption of Photovoltaic Technology as an Alternative Energy Supply in Household: The Case of Parkhurst, South Africa","author":"Hendricks D.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127762"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.09.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.118599"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-819714-1.00025-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2013.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","unstructured":"Acc\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 zones rurales (% de la population rurale) \u2013 Chad Banque mondiale base de donn\u00e9es Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) https:\/\/donnees.banquemondiale.org\/indicator\/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS?locations=TD."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","unstructured":"Photovoltaic Geographical Information System https:\/\/re.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/pvg_tools\/fr\/#PVP."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","unstructured":"WEG-motors-specification-of-electric-motors-50039409-brochure-English-web Pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.isf-iai.be\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/manuel-moulins-20061.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","first-page":"251","article-title":"Offre et demande en c\u00e9r\u00e9ales au sahel et en Afrique de l\u2019ouest","volume":"3","author":"Traor\u00e9 S. 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