{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:31:02Z","timestamp":1774492262430,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":178,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Radial distribution networks (RDNs) often experience high power losses, voltage instability, and operational inefficiencies because of their low\u2010voltage, high\u2010current characteristics, and fluctuating load behavior. This study investigates the optimization of capacitor placement and sizing using the Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) to enhance voltage stability, minimize power losses, and reduce operational costs. Power flow analysis was conducted via the Backward\/Forward Sweep (BFS) method on the IEEE 33\u2010bus system, incorporating four load models: Constant impedance (CZ), constant current (CI), constant power (CP), and composite ZIP. The optimization objective was to minimize the total operating annual cost (TOAC), which includes active power loss costs and annual capacitor installation costs. CSA\u2019s performance was benchmarked against invasive weed optimization (IWO), teacher learner\u2010based optimization (TLBO), and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithms. Simulation results demonstrated that CSA improved the voltage stability index (VSI) from 0.61 to 0.68 (CP), 0.69 (CI), 0.65 (CZ), and 0.66 (ZIP), and reduced active power losses by 30.41%, 26.01%, 36.45%, and 33.78% for CP, CI, CZ, and ZIP loads, respectively. Corresponding cost savings achieved using CSA were 30.28% (CP), 25.85% (CI), 36.35% (CZ), and 33.67% (ZIP), confirming superior performance over the compared methods. The highest TOAC was observed for CZ loads ($303,570.2), while the lowest was for CI loads ($195,386.4), reflecting the economic influence of load model variation. To ensure practical applicability and robustness, a sensitivity analysis of optimization algorithms under varying load models was performed. This included evaluating the impact of varying capacitor sizing ranges, system sizes, load compositions, and algorithm initialization conditions. Results confirmed that CSA maintained stability and effectiveness under diverse scenarios, validating its reliability and adaptability in real\u2010world RDN planning. Overall, the proposed CSA\u2010based approach provided a robust and cost\u2010effective solution for optimizing capacitor placement and sizing in RDNs, supporting both technical performance and economic sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/jece\/9238961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T04:48:47Z","timestamp":1751086127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cost\u2010Based Optimal Allocation of Shunt Capacitors in Radial Distribution Networks Considering Load Types Using Crow Search Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0949-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Mathenge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9149-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edwell. T.","family":"Mharakurwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7974-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Mogaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su152115623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.10.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GTDAsia.2019.8715965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","article-title":"Optimal Placement of Capacitors in Radial Distribution System to Minimizes the Losses at Variable Load Levels","volume":"2","author":"Goyal N.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2765810\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fraope.2024.100093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.11.098"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2981406"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2050-7038.12451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2022.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.2754"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1696347"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Distribution System","author":"Abass A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etep.2753"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.10.254"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9617622"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIEC.2016.7513744"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15072452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2021.3107857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-8695\/ad3d2f"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Application of Optimization Techniques for Optimal Capacitor Placement and Sizing in Distribution System","volume":"8","author":"Kuwera S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Trends and Applications (IJETA)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2022.2132556"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12720\/sgce.8.2.116-124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2018.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Impact of Optimal Placement and Sizing of Capacitors on Radial Distribution Network Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Salimon S. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MohamedA. A. KamelS. andAlyM. M. A Simple Analytical Technique for Optimal Capacitor Placement in Radial Distribution Systems 2017 Nineteenth International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON) August 2017 Cairo Egypt 928\u2013933 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MEPCON.2017.8301291 2-s2.0-85047396923.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEPCON.2017.8301291"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.08.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2016.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/7837832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16114419"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnm.3298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tia.2024.3413756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52783\/jes.1452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52549\/.v9i3.2971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.08.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.09.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24425\/118996"}],"container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jece\/9238961","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/jece\/9238961","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/jece\/9238961","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T20:37:23Z","timestamp":1773779843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/jece\/9238961"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"PALANISAMY","family":"R","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/jece\/9238961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jece\/9238961","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0147","2090-0155"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0147","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-0155","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9238961"}}