{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T04:05:18Z","timestamp":1773029118552,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":121,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21H04898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H04898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24H00725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24H00725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Robotics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Although several signals have been proposed to control the activation timing of wearable robots, there is no consensus on the suitability of these signals in terms of their ability to promote effective cooperation and smooth device activation.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study investigated the effects of biomechanical (grip forces and voice commands), bioelectrical (electromyography [EMG]), and external sound (EX) signals on elbow flexion to trigger a wearable robot arm.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Constant torque control was applied to a single\u2010degree\u2010of\u2010freedom (DOF) wearable robot arm, which operated within a range of 30\u00b0\u2013130\u00b0 of elbow flexion. Activation of the wearable robot arm was initiated using a grip force applied to a handle from either hand, the verbal command \u201cgo,\u201d EMG signals, and an EX cue, while lifting a load equivalent to 15% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Prior to initiating the wearable robot arm, the grip force used to activate the movement using the hand on the side of the assisted arm significantly induced activities of the biceps brachii (BB) (%MVC\n                    <jats:sub>BB<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) by approximately 6%\u201310%MVC\n                    <jats:sub>BB<\/jats:sub>\n                    compared to bioelectrical and biomechanical signals. Nonetheless, after assistive forces were generated, the %MVC\n                    <jats:sub>BB<\/jats:sub>\n                    elicited during the initial phase of elbow flexion was similar to other activation signals. In contrast, EMG\u2010induced activation increased the triceps brachii (TB) activity (%MVC\n                    <jats:sub>TB<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) by approximately 7.2%MVC\n                    <jats:sub>TB<\/jats:sub>\n                    during elbow flexion, resulting in the highest joint angular acceleration during the initial phase among all signals.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    These findings suggest that the grip force applied from the assistive hand was the most effective at triggering the wearable robot arm and may enhance muscle preparation and cooperation with the device more effectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/joro\/4988295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T10:49:57Z","timestamp":1746182997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring Grip, Voice, and Electromyography Signals to Initiate Elbow Flexion With a Wearable Robot Arm"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6469-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teerapapa","family":"Luecha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen Liang","family":"Yeoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3330-6299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9671-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeewon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-3039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping Yeap","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7912-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Muraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/act12040178"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.858893"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055668320917870"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20965\/jrm.2023.p0547"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987667.ch2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987667.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","unstructured":"KosinskiR. J. A Literature Review on Reaction Time Kinds of Reaction Time Experiments 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987667.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KawamotoH. LeeS. KanbeS. andSankaiY. Power Assist Method for HAL-3 Using EMG-Based Feedback Controller 2-2 Proceedings of the SMC\u201903 Conference Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics. Conference Theme\u2014System Security and Assurance (Cat. No.03CH37483) 2003 Washington DC USA 1648\u20131653.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2003.1244649"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2019.2950897"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/56174"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","first-page":"765","article-title":"Development of a Surface EMG-Based Control System for Controlling Assistive Devices: A Study on Robotic Vehicle","author":"Kasiviswanathan U.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Robotic Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987667.ch7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.2203480"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2015.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","first-page":"1032","article-title":"Voice Controlled Upper Body Exoskeleton: A Development For Industrial","volume":"9","author":"Tripathy S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/machines12040230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987667.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4039145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2516-1091\/ac8193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54941\/ahfe1005173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2024.103660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqx063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00525"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HuangC.-M.andMutluB. Anticipatory Robot Control for Efficient Human-Robot Collaboration 2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) 2016 Christchurch New Zealand 83\u201390 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451737 2-s2.0-84964820951.","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451737"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3245-15.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-8-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2669-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130903389035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3838-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2020.103056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcim.2022.102510"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2311.02809"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.12.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118853"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2012.00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3650117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7600\/jpfsm.3.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SuzukiK. KawamuraY. HayashiT. SakuraiT. HasegawaY. andSankaiY. Intention-Based Walking Support for Paraplegia Patient 3 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Systems Man and Cybernetics 2005 Waikoloa HI USA 2707\u20132713 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSMC.2005.1571559.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2005.1571559"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01020.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200010000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AugustK. G. GuidaliM. andSellathuraiM. et al.A System for Sensory Motor Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb With Virtual Reality Exoskeleton Robot and Real Objects Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Practical Robot Applications 2011 Woburn MA USA 54\u201363 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TEPRA.2011.5753482 2-s2.0-79956136142.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEPRA.2011.5753482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/wtc.2021.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46249-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mti9010005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-211272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00547"}],"container-title":["Journal of Robotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/joro\/4988295","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/joro\/4988295","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/joro\/4988295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:15:24Z","timestamp":1773026124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/joro\/4988295"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yangmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/joro\/4988295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/joro\/4988295","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9600","1687-9619"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9600","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9619","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4988295"}}