{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:58:22Z","timestamp":1790852302172,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":273,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Applied Bionics and Biomechanics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study compared lower\u2010limb kinematics and electromyographic characteristics between outside hitters (OH) and middle blockers (MB) during volleyball spike take\u2010off, aiming to delineate position\u2010specific joint\u2010angle profiles and relative muscle activation contributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twelve national first\u2010class male volleyball athletes were recruited (OH,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096; MB,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096), and three\u2010dimensional kinematics (240\u2009Hz) and surface electromyography (EMG; 2000\u2009Hz) were synchronously collected. The analysis window was defined from right\u2010foot contact in the final approach step to bilateral toe\u2010off (T1\u2013T4), with the braking phase set as T1\u2013T3 and the propulsion phase as T3\u2013T4; T3 was treated as the transition boundary between the two phases rather than as an independent phase. All participants were right\u2010handed hitters; therefore, the right side was defined as the dominant hitting side and the left side as the non\u2010dominant\/non\u2010hitting side. Sagittal\u2010plane hip, knee, and ankle joint angles and phase\u2010specific relative iEMG contribution percentages of seven muscles were calculated and compared between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      OH exhibited a smaller right\/dominant hitting\u2010side hip angle than MB at T1, indicating a more flexed sagittal\u2010plane hip posture (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), and a smaller left\/non\u2010dominant hitting\u2010side hip angle during T2\u2013T3 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). The right\/dominant hitting\u2010side knee angle was consistently smaller in OH than in MB throughout T1\u2013T3, indicating greater knee flexion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). For the ankle joint, OH showed a greater left\/non\u2010dominant hitting\u2010side sagittal\u2010plane ankle included angle during T1\u2013T3 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), whereas MB showed a greater right\/dominant hitting\u2010side sagittal\u2010plane ankle included angle at T2 and T3 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). During braking, OH showed a right\/dominant hitting\u2010side iEMG contribution of 68.90% and a left\/non\u2010dominant hitting\u2010side contribution of 31.09%, whereas MB showed 65.20% and 34.79%, respectively. During propulsion, OH primarily relied on the left\/non\u2010dominant hitting side (59.40% vs. 40.60%), whereas MB demonstrated a more balanced bilateral activation pattern (49.63% vs. 50.37%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OH and MB exhibited distinct lower\u2010limb kinematic\u2013EMG coupling patterns during spike take\u2010off. OH showed greater sagittal\u2010plane hip and knee flexion in the early take\u2010off phase and a force\u2010production shift from right\/dominant hitting\u2010side braking to left\/non\u2010dominant hitting\u2010side propulsion, whereas MB demonstrated relatively larger joint angles and a more balanced bilateral activation pattern. These findings support position\u2010specific take\u2010off technique training and neuromuscular control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/abb\/2870235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:20:56Z","timestamp":1790850056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in Lower\u2010Limb Kinematic\u2013Electromyographic Coupling Patterns During Volleyball Spike Take\u2010Off Between Outside Hitters and Middle Blockers"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Aesthetic Education Shandong Polytechnic  Jinan 250104 Shandong China"},{"name":"Physical Education Department Kunsan National University  Gunsan 541150 South Korea  kunsan.ac.kr"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Jinan China  sdutcm.edu.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5558-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Harbin Sport University  Harbin China  hrbipe.edu.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6028-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School Harbin Sport University  Harbin China  hrbipe.edu.cn"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn-poong","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Education Department 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