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This study compared lower\u2010limb coordination and variability during prolonged running across treadmill and over\u2010ground, focusing on how surface and duration affect movement patterns in sagittal\u2010plane. Eleven healthy adults (nine males) completed 31\u2010min runs at their preferred speed on both surfaces, on separate days, while data were collected using seven Opal Movement Monitoring inertial measurement units. CRP and its variability were examined across two\u2010time intervals (initial and final 5\u2009min) and two running surfaces, both over the full gait cycle and within the stance and swing phases. Overall, running duration and surface did not significantly affect coordination across the full gait cycle. However, ankle\u2013knee coordination increased in the final 5\u2009min during stance. Surface\u2010by\u2010duration interactions were observed in knee\u2013hip and ankle\u2013knee couplings during over\u2010ground running. During the swing phase, ankle\u2013hip coordination increased in the final 5\u2009min on both surfaces, with additional interactions appearing in ankle\u2013hip coupling during treadmill running. Coordination variability showed no significant differences across the gait cycle or within stance and swing phases. These findings suggest that lower\u2010limb coordination patterns, rather than variability, are more sensitive to changes in running duration and surface. The results underscore the importance of considering external running conditions when evaluating coordination and optimizing gait performance in biomechanical assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/abb\/5338592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T14:59:46Z","timestamp":1766242786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Continuous Relative Phase Angle and Variability: A Crossover Analysis of Duration and Surface Effects While Long\u2010Distance Running Over Treadmill and Over\u2010Ground Running"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0504-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaheen Ahmed","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-0513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indy Man Kit","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Hung-Kay","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781492596837"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","article-title":"Biomechanical Analysis of Running Techniques: Implications for Injury Prevention and Performance","volume":"24","author":"Ram\u00edrez C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Revista Multidisciplinar De Las Ciencias Del Deporte"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14763141.2012.738700"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","volume-title":"Stride-to-Stride Variability While Prolonged Running on a Treadmill and Over-Ground","author":"Iqbal Z. 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