{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:01:07Z","timestamp":1773010867659,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":303,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improving treatment standards by auditing care quality using WHO and INRUD drug\u2010use indicators is essential in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. This study aims to assess prescription practices at KCRH General Outpatient Clinics and identify risk factors for polypharmacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective descriptive cross\u2010sectional study analyzed prescriptions dispensed in 2022 at the KCRH outpatient pharmacy. Using a stratified random sampling, prescriptions were reviewed using a WHO\/INRUD\u2010based data abstraction form. Core drug\u2010use indicators were determined, and logistic regression analyses were performed using STATA Version 14.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 920 prescriptions, 69.2% were for adults and 57.0% for females. Analgesics (32.3%) and antibiotics (29.0%) were most frequently prescribed. Overall, 84.1% of the prescriptions contained antibiotics, 8.7% injectables, 97.6% generics, and 95.6% were from the KEML. The mean number of drugs per prescription was 2.7. Antibiotic prescribing was associated with lower odds of polypharmacy (aOR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.10\u20130.42).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interventions to promote rational antibiotic use are necessary, including educating healthcare providers and patients about the risks of antibiotic overuse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/adpp\/8031546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:20:35Z","timestamp":1761895235000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Prescription Practices Using WHO\/INRUD Indicators and Determinants of Polypharmacy at a Kenyan County Referral Hospital"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0231-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Kayioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Guantai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Oluka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faith","family":"Okalebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","volume-title":"The Rational Use of Drugs: Report of the Conference of Experts","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21553-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2097-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2025.2458935"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Health Products Policy and Standards 2025 https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/health-product-policy-and-standards\/medicines-selection-ip-and-affordability\/medicines-policy\/rational-use."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-7-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy4040035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","article-title":"Patterns of Prescribing Practices in Makueni County Referral Hospital, Kenya","volume":"4","author":"Mulwa N. 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