{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:45:23Z","timestamp":1783644323153,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":329,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009698","name":"Hawassa University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009698","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting 12 million people and risks the lives of 350 million people globally. However, it has limited therapeutic options.\n                      <jats:italic>Clematis simensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      Fresen roots are used for the treatment of leishmaniasis in Ethiopian traditional medicine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to evaluate\n                      <jats:italic>C. simensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      Fresen roots\u2019 antileishmanial activities and cytotoxic effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In vitro antileishmanial activity of crude extract of\n                      <jats:italic>C. simensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      root and its solvent fractions was evaluated against axenic amastigotes and promastigotes of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania aethiopica<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Their cytotoxicity against macrophage cells and red blood cells (RBCs) was evaluated. Median cytotoxic concentration (CC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and median inhibitory concentration (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were calculated using computer software GraphPad Prism 9.5.0. Data were expressed as mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard error of the mean.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The crude extract and its hexane, chloroform, and aqueous fractions exhibited antileishmanial activities, with IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values ranging from 4.43\u2009\u00b1\u20090.69 to 24.94\u2009\u00b1\u20094.12\u2009\u03bcg\/mL against promastigotes and 4.52\u2009\u00b1\u20091.25 to 34.97\u2009\u00b1\u20091.77\u2009\u03bcg\/mL against axenic amastigotes of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites. The cytotoxic effects (CC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) of the extracts were 63.62\u2009\u00b1\u20094.06\u2009\u2264\u2009CC50\u2009\u2264\u2009246.05\u2009\u00b1\u200932.84\u2009\u03bcg\/mL against macrophages, but &gt;\u20091200\u2009\u03bcg\/mL against RBC. A selectivity index value greater than 1 indicates selective toxicity against\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasites, whereas a value less than 1 suggests selective toxicity against mammalian cells. In this study, the selectivity indices for the plant extracts ranged from 3.26 to 54.44.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The roots of the plant showed a promising antileishmanial activity that may provide a scientific justification for its use in traditional medicine. Further isolation, identification of active compounds, and establishment of the mechanism of action are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/adpp\/9671079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T04:20:38Z","timestamp":1764217238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antileishmanial Activities of Methanol Extract and Solvent Fraction of\n                    <i>Clematis simensis<\/i>\n                    Fresen Roots"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4062-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amare","family":"Megersa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aschalew","family":"Nardos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8218-2252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tasisa","family":"Ketema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7126-2815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serawit","family":"Deyno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012373944-5.00195-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1743-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)61340-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006052"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182016002031"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2573-4555.1000271"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-017-0182-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"In-Vivo Anti-Malarial Activity of Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Roots of Clematis simensis Fresen.(Ranunculaceae) in Plasmodium Berghei Infected Mice","volume":"14","author":"Alemayehu M. 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