{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T21:07:41Z","timestamp":1773781661754,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":298,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anesthesiology Research and Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cause of \u201cemergence delirium\u201d (ED) after general anesthesia with volatile anesthetics in adults remains unclear. While low \u201cfresh gas flow\u201d (FGF) is integral to current anesthesia practice, there is limited literature about FGF\u2019s role in ED.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare ED in patients receiving high or low FGF during anesthesia with sevoflurane while undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings and Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective randomized double\u2010blind study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Materials<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II patients, aged 18\u201350\u2009years, were randomized to a low FGF or high FGF group of 50 patients each. After preoxygenation with 100% oxygen for 3\u2009min, patients were induced. The low FGF group received 4\u2009L for 5\u2009min, followed by 1\u2009L till the end, while the high FGF group received 4\u2009L throughout. Sevoflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen (N\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O\u2009:\u2009O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20091\u2009:\u20091) were used to maintain minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) value of \u2265 1.2. A blind independent observer assessed ED by Richmond agitation\u2010sedation scale (RASS).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis Used<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Student\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test, chi\u2010square test, and Mann\u2013Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Postoperative lactate was significantly higher in the low FGF group compared with the high FGF group (1.49\u2009\u00b1\u20090.69 vs. 1.05\u2009\u00b1\u20090.54\u2009mmol\/L,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2264 0.001). RASS scores were also higher with low FGF both immediately after PACU admission (median 1 [IQR 1\u20131] vs. \u22121 [IQR \u20132\u20130],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and at 10\u2009min (median 0 [IQR 0\u20131] vs. 0 [IQR \u20131\u20130],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), while scores at 20 and 30\u2009min were comparable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ED and lactate levels were significantly higher in patients receiving low FGF compared to high FGF during anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/anrp\/5927191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:25:46Z","timestamp":1761542746000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of Emergence Delirium in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy With High or Low Fresh Gas Flow During Anesthesia: A Prospective Randomized Double\u2010Blind Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7871-3489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subrata","family":"Podder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam Charan","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000250914.91881.a8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12717"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-010-9338-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/ael094"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2005.49.6.s1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-012-9736-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000103187.70627.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","first-page":"382","article-title":"Low Flow Anesthesia: Economic, Eco Friendly and Effective","volume":"4","author":"Shelongkar V. 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