{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T09:02:20Z","timestamp":1779872540615,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":146,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32202911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32202911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aquaculture Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Backgrounds<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Largemouth bass (\n                      <jats:italic>Micropterus salmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is an economically important aquaculture species, but its pronounced intolerance to high\u2010carbohydrate diets often leads to metabolic liver disorders and compromised growth, limiting the practical application of cost\u2010effective high\u2010carbohydrate feeds in aquaculture. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have shown promise in regulating glucose metabolism in mammals, but their efficacy and size\u2010dependent effects in fish remain unelucidated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LNPs were evaluated as novel potential additives to enhance the glucose utilization in\n                      <jats:italic>M. salmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      under high\u2010glucose (HG) feeding conditions, addressing the issues of glucose intolerance and thereby reducing breeding costs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We constructed LNPs to serve as a feed additive for modulating the glucose metabolism in\n                      <jats:italic>M. salmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      . We prepared LNPs with five different particle sizes (60, 125, 150, 175, and 200\u2009nm) by varying the formulation ratio of the preparation. To obtain further results, the regulatory effect of LNPs on glucose metabolism in\n                      <jats:italic>M. salmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      was verified through gavage administration. The expression levels of genes associated with glucose metabolism in\n                      <jats:italic>M. salmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      were observed following acute (one administration) treatment with HG feeding to investigate the relevance between LNPs and glucose metabolism induced by HG in\n                      <jats:italic>M. salmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HG exposure activated the hepatic PI3K\/AKT pathway, upregulated the expression of gluconeogenesis\u2010related genes (\n                      <jats:italic>foxo1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>g6pase<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and disrupted the expression of glycogenesis\u2010related genes (\n                      <jats:italic>gsk3<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>gys1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), leading to impaired glucose metabolism in\n                      <jats:italic>M. salmoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2014a key pathogenesis of high\u2010carbohydrate\u2010induced metabolic disorders. Notably, LNPs with 150\u2013200\u2009nm sizes specifically upregulated intestinal\n                      <jats:italic>glut5<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA expression (but not\n                      <jats:italic>glut2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), intestinal GLUT5 is a critical hexose transporter: traditionally recognized for mediating fructose transport, it also facilitates glucose crossing the intestinal epithelial barrier to enter the bloodstream, providing the foundation for subsequent systemic glucose metabolism, and 150\u2009nm LNPs exhibited the most rapid efficacy: they modulated the hyperactivated PI3K\/AKT pathway, reversed the abnormal expression of\n                      <jats:italic>foxo1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>g6pase<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>gsk3<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>gys1<\/jats:italic>\n                      induced by HG, and improved insulin sensitivity by upregulating\n                      <jats:italic>irs1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>insr<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>150\u2009nm LNPs effectively ameliorate high\u2010carbohydrate\u2010induced metabolic damage by targeting GLUT5 to enhance intestinal glucose absorption and regulating the PI3K\/AKT\u2010gluconeogenesis\/glycogenesis cascade, providing a targeted solution for improving HG feed utilization in carnivorous fish aquaculture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/anu\/7025461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T08:08:26Z","timestamp":1779869306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Size\u2010Dependent Efficacy of Lipid Nanoparticles in Improving Glucose Utilization of Largemouth Bass (\n                    <i>Micropterus salmoides<\/i>\n                    ) Under High\u2010Glucose 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