{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:58:51Z","timestamp":1789768731513,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":194,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF-2025-339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2025-339"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigates the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the aqueous extract of the aquatic plant\n                    <jats:italic>Spirodela polyrhiza<\/jats:italic>\n                    (greater duckweed) and evaluates their multifunctional properties. The ZnO NPs were synthesized via a sustainable method and characterized using UV\u2010visible spectroscopy, TEM, FESEM, EDX, FTIR, and XRD analyses. UV\u2010visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs with a characteristic absorption peak at \u223c349\u2009nm. TEM and FESEM analyses revealed spherical and nonspherical particles ranging from 20 to 70\u2009nm. The antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs was assessed against three bacterial strains (\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and three fungal strains (\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium chrysogenum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed a maximum inhibition zone of 18\u2009mm at 100\u2009mg\/mL, while\n                    <jats:italic>A. niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited the highest antifungal response with a zone of 22\u2009mm and an activity index (AI) of 1.15, indicating comparable or superior activity to ketoconazole at higher concentrations. Molecular docking simulations using the crystal structure of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    YmaH (Hfq) protein (PDB ID: 3HSB) revealed strong noncovalent interactions with Zn atoms of the NPs, particularly involving HIS57 and LEU26 residues. Additionally, ZnO NPs demonstrated a noteworthy photocatalytic degradation (90.4%) of methylene blue dye under sunlight exposure. These results highlight the potential of\n                    <jats:italic>S. polyrhiza<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010mediated ZnO NPs for use in antimicrobial therapies and environmental remediation applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bca\/5541535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T06:19:36Z","timestamp":1752560376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multifunctional ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized Using\n                    <i>Spirodela polyrhiza<\/i>\n                    Extract: Characterization, Photocatalytic Activity, Antimicrobial Assessment, and In Silico Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Azmat Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annu","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5106-8211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudhakar","family":"Bansod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azhar U.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3594-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nirmala Kumari","family":"Jangid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5188-1130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahboob","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11052282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0021859605005708"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2015.1008194"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116629530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04362-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19061"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62476\/abess105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2021.110313"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rechem.2022.100637"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/925494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2012.663443"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es901695c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1079-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2016.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11072093"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111606"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12101662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","first-page":"231","article-title":"Algae-Mediated Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles From Cystoseira Crinite (Fucales; Sargassaceae) and It\u2019s Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"65","author":"Elrefaey A. 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