{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:48:13Z","timestamp":1785912493859,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":215,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cameroonian spices are rich in bioactive phenolics with potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. Yet, the influence of solvent polarity on phytochemical extraction and the resulting multifunctional in vitro activities remains insufficiently characterized. This study compared aqueous, ethanolic, and hydroethanolic extracts of\n                      <jats:italic>Mondia whitei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Scorodophloeus zenkeri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Syzygium aromaticum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Xylopia aethiopica<\/jats:italic>\n                      , linking solvent\u2010dependent phytochemical profiles to antioxidant, metabolic, and anti\u2010inflammatory activities relevant to cardiometabolic health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified using standard colorimetric assays. Antioxidant capacity was assessed through the 2,2\u2010diphenyl\u20101\u2010picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2\u2009\n                      <jats:sup>\u2032<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2010azino\u2010bis(3\u2010ethylbenzothiazoline\u20106\u2010sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Enzyme inhibition was evaluated for\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010amylase,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010glucosidase,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010galactosidase, pancreatic lipase, 3\u2010hydroxy\u20103\u2010methylglutaryl\u2010CoA reductase (HMG\u2010CoA reductase), angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme (ACE), cyclooxygenases (COX\u20101 and COX\u20102), and 5\u2010lipoxygenase (5\u2010LOX). Half\u2010maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were determined from nonlinear regression of dose\u2013response curves.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Solvent polarity markedly influenced extraction yield and phytochemical composition. Hydroethanolic extraction provided the most balanced recovery of phenolics and consistently enhanced antioxidant, metabolic, and anti\u2010inflammatory responses. Ethanolic extracts of\n                      <jats:italic>S. zenkeri<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M. whitei<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited high polyphenol content and strong inhibition of HMG\u2010CoA reductase and ACE.\n                      <jats:italic>S. aromaticum<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed broad antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory activity, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>X. aethiopica<\/jats:italic>\n                      displayed moderate but reliable effects across assays. Correlation trends revealed selective associations between specific phytochemical classes and biological endpoints, indicating that bioactivity depends on both phytochemical composition and solvent\u2010driven extraction patterns.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hydroethanolic extraction generally yielded phenolic\u2010rich, multifunctional extracts across the four Cameroonian spices, although solvent performance remained species\u2010dependent. The combined solvent\u2010dependent trends and phytochemical\u2013bioactivity correlations highlight that extraction polarity and phytochemical composition jointly shape the functional signatures of these spices. These findings provide preliminary biochemical indicators of their potential for functional food and phytomedicinal applications. Further work involving comprehensive chemical characterization and validation in cell\u2010based and in vivo models is required to clarify mechanisms of action and support future development pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/1151249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:07:53Z","timestamp":1785910073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of Aqueous, Ethanolic, and Hydroethanolic Extraction on Phytochemical Content and Cardiometabolic\u2010Related Bioactivities of Four Cameroonian Spices"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"given":"Kendra Lucr\u00e8ce","family":"Nkaleu Ngonganga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9235-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achille","family":"Nouga Bissoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-5739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanche Cun\u00e9gonde","family":"Omgba Etoundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8571-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aymar Rodrigue","family":"Fogang Mba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlam","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3384-0888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Tolve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3311-3696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fideline Laure","family":"Tchuenbou-Magaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6210-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrice Fabien","family":"Dongho Dongmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2025.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43545-024-00910-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2025.100837"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235769"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9081074"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1381-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020691"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48130\/fmr-0025-0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00859-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","volume-title":"La connaissance des huiles essentielles: qualitologie et aromath\u00e9rapie; 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