{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:47:54Z","timestamp":1788983274421,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi, which poses major health problems in developing countries, including Ethiopia. However, there is limited information regarding typhoid fever, contributing factors with it, and its drug susceptibility pattern in the research area. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of typhoid fever and its associated risk factors among clinically diagnosed febrile patients at Debark Hospital and evaluate the drug susceptibility patterns of the isolates. A hospital\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study was conducted among 158 febrile patients from December 2022 to April 2023. Blood and stool samples were collected from each febrile patient. The Widal test was used to test\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhi O and H antigens sera from blood, and bacteria were cultured from the stool. Gram staining and biochemical analyses were carried out for each isolate. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed for the isolates using Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion techniques. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for analysis. In this study, the seroprevalence of typhoid fever among febrile patients at Debark Hospital was 22.8%. Gender (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02, 0.31,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.001), marital status (AOR: 95% CI: 2.63, 4.66,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.001), family size (AOR: 95% CI: 0.01, 0.31,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2264 0.001), residence (AOR: 95% CI: 0.09, 0.83,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.021), practice of using toilet (AOR: 95% CI: 0.08, 0.086,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.027), washing fruits and vegetables before eating (AOR: 95% CI: 0.12, 0.87,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.025), and awareness of typhoid fever transmission and prevention (AOR: 95% CI: 0.12, 0.91,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.032) are the associated risk factors for typhoid fever. Fifty percent of the isolates showed multidrug resistance to two or more antibiotics. It was suggested that improving personal hygiene, providing safe drinking water, and careful use of antibiotics could considerably reduce the prevalence of typhoid fever in the study area.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/1717780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T02:35:24Z","timestamp":1738377324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Seroprevalence of Typhoid Fever and Its Associated Risk Factors Among Clinically Diagnosed Febrile Patients Visiting the Outpatient Department at Debark Hospital and Drug Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3118-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atsede","family":"Muleta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7583-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naod","family":"Meseret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00585-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S282461"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/idr13020037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006779"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","first-page":"222","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Bhandari J.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54020023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101670"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3917-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1443-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1323"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.2070-2084"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v7i2.830"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6406405"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5799\/jmid.657883"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3713-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","volume-title":"The 2020 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia","author":"CSA","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119837854"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_2","volume-title":"Sampling Techniques","author":"Cochran W. G.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_2","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antibiotics Susceptibility Testing, Twenty-Frst Informational Supplement","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86743-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3844\/ajmsp.2015.40.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35248\/2155-9597.19.10.365"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1357131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26717\/BJSTR.2022.47.007473"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.6022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bccj.v8i2.50025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/bajopas.v15i1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05726-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_2","unstructured":"USFDA outbreaks of foodborne illness 2021 https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/recalls-outbreaks-emergencies\/outbreaks-foodborne-illness."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08452-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8887266"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/156765"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Prevalence and awareness of mode of transmission of typhoid fever in patients diagnosed with Salmonella typhi and paratyphi infections at the Saint Elisabeth General Hospital Shisong, Bui Division, Cameroon","volume":"40","author":"Njoya H. F.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301697"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121435"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8834107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11131946"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11786361221150760"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1332-3"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/1717780","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/bmri\/1717780","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/1717780","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T10:52:02Z","timestamp":1772967122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/bmri\/1717780"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Haruki","family":"Komatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/bmri\/1717780"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/bmri\/1717780","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1717780"}}