{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:50:59Z","timestamp":1787017859679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cancer remains the leading cause of death worldwide, with breast cancer being the most prevalent disease diagnosed globally. Liver cancer is the fourth most common cause of death globally, while prostate cancer accounts for the second most frequent malignancy among males worldwide. The main treatment options for cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The stem bark of\n                      <jats:italic>Tieghemella heckelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been exploited for its medicinal properties. On a broader scale, research on the anticancer properties of\n                      <jats:italic>T. heckelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      has not been explored. It is therefore important to investigate the anticancer potential of the leaves of\n                      <jats:italic>T. heckelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The goal of the study was to evaluate the in vitro anticancer activities of the leaves of\n                      <jats:italic>T. heckelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      on breast, prostate, and liver cancer cell lines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The leaves of\n                      <jats:italic>T. heckelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      were collected from Asantemanso, Akim Oda, in the eastern region of Ghana. Authenticity of the leaves was performed at the Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana. Aqueous and ethanol extraction were performed on the leaves of\n                      <jats:italic>T. heckelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      after grinding into fine particles, followed by low\u2010temperature drying. Breast cancer (MDA\u2010MB\u2010468), liver cancer (HepG2), and normal kidney (Vero E6) cell lines were cultured in DMEM media, while prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines were cultured in RPMI medium. Anticancer activity of the leaves of\n                      <jats:italic>T. heckelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      was conducted on breast (MDA\u2010MB\u2010468), liver (HepG2), and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines. Cell viability was determined by the 3\u2010(4,5\u2010dimethylthiazol\u20102\u2010yl)\u20102,5\u2010diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both ethanolic and aqueous extracts demonstrated similar cytotoxicity for the HepG2 cell line, with IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      values of about 200\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL. selectivity index of &gt;\u20092 was recorded by all cell lines. When compared to other cell lines, the aqueous extract for prostate cancer showed the lowest IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      value with a selectivity of 8. In addition, the extracts showed less cytotoxic activity against the normal (Vero) cell line.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leaves of\n                      <jats:italic>T. heckelii<\/jats:italic>\n                      possess cytotoxic properties with notable selectivity against prostate (PC3) and liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines. However, findings should be evaluated in in vivo studies because biological processes can be more complex in living organisms. Further investigation should be conducted to ascertain the bioactive compounds responsible for the anticancer activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/2002140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:31:40Z","timestamp":1773307900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assessment of Leaves of\n                    <i>Tieghemella heckelii<\/i>\n                    on Breast (MDA\u2010MB\u2010468), Liver (HepG2), and Prostate (PC3) Cancer Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5929-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justice","family":"Kumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Aning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5976-6055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Ampofo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1341-4029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Hamidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3757-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric N. 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