{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T07:00:45Z","timestamp":1784962845335,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":204,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An optimal early\u2010life environment is crucial for child health, with human milk and the infant microbiome playing central roles. The Synbio\u2010Breast study investigates how maternal diet contributes to the synbiotic composition of human milk in atopic women. Despite increasing societal interest in this topic, recruitment proved challenging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study is to quantify and analyze factors associated with low enrollment and inclusion rates and to explore strategies for improving recruitment in future mother\u2013infant studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Enrollment and inclusion rates and temporal trends were assessed using linear regression models, whereas associations between facilitating factors\u2014including involvement of the PhD student, recruitment strategy, lactation meetings, and attendance at the Nine Months Fair\u2014and enrollment were assessed using logistic regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 681 women screened, 215 expressed willingness to participate. Despite multiple efforts and adaptations to enhance engagement, enrollment remained low. After adjusting for the COVID\u201019 period, only recruitment conducted by the PhD student via email\u2014without personal contact through a healthcare professional\u2014was significantly associated with lower odds of enrollment. Of the 215 enrolled participants, 75 were ultimately included (11% of all screened women). Key reasons for exclusion were partial breastfeeding (30.0%), antibiotic use (22.1%), and loss of interest (19.3%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria contributed to substantial low enrollment and inclusion rates in the Synbio\u2010Breast study. Successful recruitment in mother\u2013infant research requires more than logistical organization; it depends on personalized engagement built on existing relationships of trust. Moreover, studies that offer no direct health benefit to participants\u2014such as the Synbio\u2010Breast study\u2014tend to have inherently lower uptake, underscoring the need for tailored and relationship\u2010based recruitment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/2358274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T06:06:21Z","timestamp":1784959581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recruitment Challenges in Mother\u2013Infant Research: Factors Associated With Low Enrollment and Inclusion in the Synbio\u2010Breast Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5989-3371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Simons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3960-1703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"van Goudoever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7962-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berber","family":"Vlieg-Boerstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2664-7887"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2025.111752"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-7-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/picr.PICR_6_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.MR000013.pub6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-38318"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562018000000088"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jcp.0000161497.73514.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_2","volume-title":"Statistical Power for the Behavioral Sciences 2ed","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081123"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.008466"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/106698110X12640740712699"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1538-7","article-title":"Statistics in Brief: How to Assess Bias in Clinical Studies?","volume":"469","author":"Lambert J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_2","volume-title":"What Is Citizen Science? 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