{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T16:27:18Z","timestamp":1772987238546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":260,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Rauwolfia vomitoria<\/jats:italic>\n                    has recently been reported as a promising phytomedicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It has a wide range of therapeutic advantages intermingled with diverse controversies of toxicities, necessitating the need to proceed on a long\u2010term investigation to determine the safety of\n                    <jats:italic>R. vomitoria<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The study is aimed at determining the subchronic toxicity of\n                    <jats:italic>R. vomitoria.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rats were randomised into four (4) groups, which included the normal control group (C),\n                    <jats:italic>R. vomitoria<\/jats:italic>\n                    root bark aqueous extract (RVRAE), low dose (LD, 10\u2009mg\/kg bwt.), medium dose (MD, 25\u2009mg\/kg bwt.) and high dose (HD, 50\u2009mg\/kg bwt.). The experimental set\u2010up included daily administration of plant extracts for a period of 90 days. Relative organ weights, haematological and renal function revealed no significant differences across the treatment groups. However, for liver function, whilst most liver analytes remained unchanged, a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was observed across treatment groups.\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    and LD values were\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 144.2 \u00b1 29.3 and LD = 246.4 \u00b1 66.9 (IU) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.008). Total bile acids (TBAs) reduced in a dose\u2010dependent manner;\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 27.9 \u00b1 7.6, LD = 19.0 \u00b1 5.5, MD = 18.6 \u00b1 4.3, HD = 116.8 \u00b1 16.8\n                    <jats:italic>\u2009\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    mol\/L. The most prominent significant value among others occurred between the C and HD groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.004). Absolute and relative organ weights of lungs decreased in a dose\u2010dependent manner. However, only the absolute organ weight was significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) with values of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2.13 \u00b1 0.12, LD = 1.81 \u00b1 0.05, MD = 1.77 \u00b1 0.15, HD = 0.62 \u00b1 0.17\u2009g. PSA levels in the study did not show significant differences (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; 0.05). However, a decline was observed with the high dose group. No significant histopathological alterations were observed in the kidneys, confirming the absence of renal toxicity. However, some histoarchitecture alterations were observed in the liver and lungs, which require further investigation. The safety of the root bark extract remains doubtful, with the lungs and the liver adversely affected even at lower doses of 10\u2009mg\/kg bwt.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/2449997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T14:04:04Z","timestamp":1758204244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Danger of Long\u2010Term Use of\n                    <i>Rauwolfia vomitoria<\/i>\n                    Afzel. (Apocynaceae) Aqueous Root Back Extract for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Perpetua","family":"Dagadu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5954-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8002-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Awuku","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwasi","family":"Bugyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodger","family":"Apandago Mahamadu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ufuoma","family":"Ohwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habibur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2025.100739"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","volume-title":"Agroforesree Database: A Tree Reference and Selection Guide Version 4.0","author":"Orwa C."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","article-title":"Plantes m\u00e9dicinales et toxique de la c\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"67","author":"Kerharo J.","year":"1950","journal-title":"Haute Volta, Edition Vigot"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","volume-title":"The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa","author":"Burkill H. 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