{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T23:54:08Z","timestamp":1789430048131,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":244,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013365","name":"West China Hospital, Sichuan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZYAI24053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYAI24053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Retinopathy is a vascular endothelial injury disease that can occur in individuals without diabetes. The prevalence rates of nondiabetic retinopathy (NDR) vary from 6% to 13.6% among individuals. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is common worldwide, and studies indicate that the overall prevalence rate of VDD in US adults is 41.6%. Ample evidence indicates an inconsistent relationship between VDD and diabetic retinopathy, but the association between VDD and NDR remains limited.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We conducted a population\u2010based, cross\u2010sectional study.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Settings:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005\u20132008.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Participants:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 4076 adults (52.71% female) with a mean age of 55.79 \u00b1 11.72 years were included.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Primary and Secondary Outcomes:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The primary outcome was the association between vitamin D and NDR, while there was no secondary outcome.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Retinopathy was detected in 309 nondiabetic subjects (7.6%), while VDD was detected in 19.36% of the NDR participants. In the univariate analysis, significant associations were found between systolic blood pressure (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.04;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0227), physical activity group (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.78;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0001), and retinopathy in the nondiabetic participants. Logistic regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for other confounders, no statistically significant association between vitamin D concentration and NDR severity was found (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.97; 1.06;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.9024). Similarly, smooth curve fitting could not find any trend between the two. Moreover, these results were consistent with the results of taking vitamin D (quartile) as a categorical variable (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for trend was 0.8401).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    In the present study, serum vitamin D concentrations within the observed range were not significantly associated with NDR risk in the nondiabetic US population, indicating that vitamin D status is unlikely to be a primary determinant of subclinical microvascular pathology in nondiabetic adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/2828949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T10:22:33Z","timestamp":1756808553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and 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