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The in vitro release study showed minimal release during the initial 120\u2009min, followed by a continuous increase up to 48\u2009h, indicating a sustained and prolonged release profile. Both bee pollen and bee pollen ethanolic extract\u2013loaded SLNs exhibited significant cytoprotective effects against lead\u2010induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. In vivo studies revealed that treatment with bee pollen and especially bee pollen SLNs substantially ameliorated lead\u2010induced hepatic injury. Treatment notably reduced serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, and nitric oxide. Additionally, it enhanced the activity of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity, as well as levels of total thiol, reduced glutathione, and liver tissue proteins. Histopathological analysis further confirmed that treatment, particularly with bee pollen SLNs, significantly improved lead\u2010induced hepatic structural damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings confirm that bee pollen, and more prominently its SLN formulation, possesses strong hepatoprotective potential.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/3824359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T11:54:55Z","timestamp":1769774095000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of the Hepatoprotective Efficacy of Bee Pollen and Bee Pollen Ethanolic Extract\u2013Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Against Lead Acetate\u2013Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9247-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khashayar","family":"Sanemar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7056-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Mahjub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5315-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3957-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojdeh","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1104700"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02268-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP2013.3465"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0280-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127256"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6698345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/297425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9030474"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.05.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8050524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2022.2031463"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.06.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7729"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","first-page":"67","article-title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Lingayat V. 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