{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:07:25Z","timestamp":1790680045490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":271,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004919","name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30\u201337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30\u201337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence linking plant\u2010based dietary patterns with adiposity in Middle Eastern populations is limited. This study examined associations between provegetarian diet index (PDI) scores and measures of general and central adiposity among Saudi women of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included 205 non\u2010pregnant Saudi women aged 18\u201340 years systematically recruited from two tertiary hospitals in Jeddah. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated 91\u2010item food frequency questionnaire and used to calculate PDI scores. Anthropometric measures included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist\u2010to\u2010hip ratio (WHR) and waist\u2010to\u2010height ratio (WHtR). Multivariable regression models were adjusted for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher PDI scores were generally characterised by higher intakes of fibre, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin C and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene and lower intakes of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. PDI score was weakly inversely correlated with WHR (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.144,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Adjusted analyses showed no significant associations with continuous BMI, WC, WHR or WHtR (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt; 0.05). Higher PDI scores were associated with modestly lower odds of WHR\u2010defined central obesity (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20090.972; 95% CI: 0.947\u20130.997;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.031), whereas associations with WC\u2010 and WHtR\u2010defined central obesity were not significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PDI scores were not consistently associated with measures of general or central adiposity. Although higher scores were associated with modestly lower odds of WHR\u2010defined central obesity, this isolated finding was not supported by the continuous adiposity outcomes and should be considered exploratory. Prospective studies are needed to determine whether this association is reproducible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/4023284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:53:42Z","timestamp":1790679222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Provegetarian Food Pattern and Obesity Among Saudi Non\u2010Pregnant Females of Reproductive Age"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8905-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman M.","family":"Alissa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1204-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samiah A.","family":"Algarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azza J.","family":"Khaffji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4346-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nisma M.","family":"Al Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13448"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.771881"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzaa013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2016.00055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0310-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","article-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2000","journal-title":"WHO Technical Report Series 894"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.5.s1.s30"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"Dietary Vitamin A May be a Cardiovascular Risk Factor in a Saudi Population","volume":"14","author":"Alissa E. M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","volume-title":"Dietary Guidelines for Saudis: The Healthy Food Palm","author":"The Saudi General Directorate of Nutrition & Ministry of Health","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","volume-title":"McCance and Widdowson\u2019s: The Composition of Foods","author":"McCance R. A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health Education and Welfare and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Food Composition Tables for use in East Asia 1972 US Department of Health Education and Welfare and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","volume-title":"Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio Report of a Who Expert Consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2023.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000961"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-98652017000400003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.15.1857"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.1.274S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014296"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-015-3390-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303326"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065174"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739714"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/4023284","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/bmri\/4023284","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/4023284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:53:46Z","timestamp":1790679226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/bmri\/4023284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/bmri\/4023284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/bmri\/4023284","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4023284"}}