{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T11:40:48Z","timestamp":1774352448862,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23K14734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23K14734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was aimed at comparing the effects of a driving\u2010related combined exercise and cognitive training system intervention on frontal lobe function in older adults with an active control group that performed aerobic exercises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this randomized controlled trial, 90 community\u2010dwelling older adults were randomly allocated (1:1) to the intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 45) or control groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 45). The intervention group participated in a combined exercise\u2010cognitive multitask training program for six consecutive weeks, whereas the active control group performed matched\u2010intensity aerobic exercises during the same period. Cognitive function was assessed using the Trail Making Test Parts A and B (TMT\u2010A and B) and the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Changes in the hemodynamics of the frontopolar cortex (FPC) during the task were measured using portable functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Assessments were conducted at baseline, postintervention, and follow\u2010up time points.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The final analysis included 44 and 40 participants in the intervention and control groups, respectively. TMT\u2010A and B results and FAB scores showed no significant differences between the groups at any time point. Similarly, fNIRS analysis showed no significant differences in hemodynamic reactivity in the FPC between the intervention and active control groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that the multitask training system did not confer additional benefits beyond aerobic exercise under a low\u2010intensity, short\u2010duration protocol in older adults, with no significant improvements in cognitive performance or frontopolar hemodynamic reactivity. Future studies should incorporate extended intervention periods and evaluate outcomes in diverse demographic populations to establish the additional advantages of driving behavior\u2010related multitask training compared with aerobic exercises.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/4581898","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T09:50:14Z","timestamp":1774345814000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of the Combined Exercise and Cognitive Training System in Enhancing Frontal Lobe Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Control 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