{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T09:00:09Z","timestamp":1790586009821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":270,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive primary brain tumor, with a median survival of approximately 15 months despite current multimodal therapies. Recent clinical observations have suggested that the intravenous anesthetic propofol may be used to examine whether anesthetic agents can affect glioblastoma behavior. Several retrospective studies reported that, in surgical settings, propofol\u2010based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is associated with reduced operative time, faster recovery, lower intraoperative blood loss, and decreased postoperative complications such as seizures and cerebral edema, benefits particularly evident in patients with low Karnofsky Performance Scores. However, current clinical evidence remains limited, and the reported effects on survival and recurrence are still inconsistent. Preclinical studies showed that propofol\u2032s antitumor potential is mediated through modulation of the PI3K\/AKT\u2013Wnt\u2013miRNA axis, reduction of oxidative stress, regulation of immune checkpoint molecules, and restoration of temozolomide sensitivity in resistant cells. However, some reports indicate that propofol may also induce stem\u2010like features via GABA\u2010A receptor activation, underscoring its complex and context\u2010dependent nature. This narrative review summarizes the current molecular and clinical evidence about propofol in GBM. Available laboratory and retrospective clinical studies indicate possible antitumor effects, but the present evidence does not support definitive clinical conclusions. Large prospective and multicenter studies are still needed to clarify the clinical role of propofol in patients with GBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/4808235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:41:45Z","timestamp":1790584905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Propofol and Glioblastoma Biology: A Narrative Review of Perioperative Clinical Evidence and PI3K\/AKT\u2010Wnt\u2010miRNA, GABA\u2010A, and Immune\u2010Checkpoint Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4311-8810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Imani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7323-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzieh","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1399-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Hossein","family":"Shahcheraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040597"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-022-00489-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdaa123"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.566"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24108-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060984"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1342977"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666201111145212"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-022-01693-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200131100630"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.279984"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2024.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_1022_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12867"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2171109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1587548","article-title":"Effects of Anesthetics on Development of Gynecological Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Cheng Y.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01294-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4516537"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255627"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000588"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2015.05.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61081463"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11728\/cjss2017.05.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-01099-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S232601"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.06.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17040581","article-title":"Construction of a MiRNA Panel for Differentiating Lung Adenocarcinoma Brain Metastases and Glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Torner B.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","article-title":"Propofol Suppresses Glioma Oncogenic Phenotypes via the SET Binding Factor 2-Antisense Strand 1\/microRNA-373-3p\/Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 3 Signaling Axis","volume":"85","author":"Jiang L.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.919523"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","first-page":"2373","article-title":"Propofol Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of Glioma Cells by Upregulating MicroRNA-622","volume":"37","author":"Wang L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Latin American Journal of Pharmacy"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2022.105321"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.06.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","first-page":"712","article-title":"Effects of Propofol on Invasion and Migration of Glioma Cells in Rats and the Role of ADAR2-AMPA Receptor GluR2 Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Wang X.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2018.8606"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-022-10243-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(03)01641-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0700927"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.07.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03087-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520621666210708094328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.190734"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.590931"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2012.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.1366"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-025-00863-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2022.113277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_2","first-page":"307","article-title":"Effect of Propofol on Sensitivity of Glioma Cells to Temozolomide and the Role of lncRNA-GAS5","volume":"12","author":"Cheng Y.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Anesthesiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANA.0000000000000778"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.41.13(PINS-NNOS).13486"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15586\/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch11","volume-title":"Current Standards of Care in Glioblastoma Therapy","author":"Fernandes C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy049"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/4808235","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/bmri\/4808235","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/4808235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:41:49Z","timestamp":1790584909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/bmri\/4808235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/bmri\/4808235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/bmri\/4808235","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4808235"}}