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This study evaluated size\u2010dependent cellular association of polystyrene MNPs (0.25\u20131.12\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m) across seven human cell lines representing skin, intestine, lung, kidney, liver, brain, and vascular endothelium. No cytotoxicity was observed in six cell lines after 24 or 48\u2009h at concentrations up to 100\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    g\/mL, and epithelial and endothelial barrier integrity remained unaffected. Several cell types showed increased metabolic activity after 48\u2009h. Cell\u2010associated MNP fluorescence exhibited cell\u2010type\u2010 and particle\u2010size\u2010dependent patterns. HEK001 keratinocytes and HMC\u20103 microglia showed rapid increases in cell\u2010associated particle signals, with an apparent plateau for 0.25\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m particles; whereas HEK293\u2010hTLR2 kidney cells and MRC\u20105 lung fibroblasts exhibited increasing cell\u2010associated fluorescence over time across several particle sizes. Caco\u20102 intestinal cells showed limited interaction, whereas HepaRG liver and HMEC\u20101 endothelial cells exhibited size\u2010dependent responses. Inhibition studies indicated that actin\u2010dependent pathways contributed predominantly to the association of 0.54\u20131.12\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    m particles with cells, whereas clathrin\u2010mediated endocytosis contributed to smaller\u2010particle interactions in a highly cell\u2010specific and size\u2010specific manner. Polydisperse mixtures exhibited reduced cell\u2010associated particle signals but were unaffected by endocytosis inhibitors, further highlighting the complexity of nanoplastic internalization and the importance of both tissue identity and particle size in determining cellular interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/4933959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:45:00Z","timestamp":1792651500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Uptake of Micro\u2010 and Nano\u2010Sized Plastic Particles in Human Cells: Size\u2010Dependent Endocytosis and Cellular Responses"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2214-0242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisha M.","family":"Janiga-MacNelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Baylor 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