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Its pathogenesis involves multifactorial mechanisms, including long\u2010term chronic mechanical loading, external trauma, and hereditary factors. Emerging evidence highlights\n                    <jats:italic>Propionibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a gram\u2010positive bacterium with potent proinflammatory properties, as a key contributor to IVDD progression. This review systematically analyses the latest literature on related studies, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of IVDD induced by\n                    <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Three molecules play an important role in the induction of IVDD by\n                    <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , namely, IL\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , MIF, and MMP. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    induces IVDD through three core mechanisms, namely, proinflammatory (activation of TLR2, production of large amounts of ROS to promote inflammation), pyroptosis (production of large amounts of NLRP3 through the TXNIP\u2010NLRP3 axis and the ROS\u2010NLRP3 axis), and apoptosis (promotion of Bax and inhibition of Bcl\u20102 expression through the TLR2\u2010JNK pathway). The dissection of these related important molecules and pathogenic mechanisms can lead to a better understanding of the role of\n                    <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    in IVDD. It can provide an important theoretical basis for future research. However, the current study\u2019s lack of large\u2010scale clinical validation, unresolved colonization controversies, and limited experimental methods are limitations. Therefore, in the future, it is still necessary to improve the relevant theories and resolve the current controversies through more advanced experimental methods and higher quality clinical studies. In conclusion, the study of\n                    <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2013induced IVDD is promising, and further research can be conducted in the future, which is expected to develop novel therapeutic approaches for\n                    <jats:italic>P. acnes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , thus effectively slowing down the development of IVDD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/5513856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:33:59Z","timestamp":1748338439000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Molecular Mechanisms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Induced by\n                    <i>Propionibacterium 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