{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T06:42:46Z","timestamp":1776494566737,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":106,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Opuntia ficus-indica<\/jats:italic>\n                      (L. Mill) cladode is traditionally used for food and for the management of diabetes mellitus (DM), but its scientific basis and mechanisms remain underexplored.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study assessed antidiabetic effects and mechanisms of action of\n                      <jats:italic>O. ficus-indica<\/jats:italic>\n                      aqueous extract (OFIAE).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fresh cladodes were blended, centrifuged, and filtered to obtain OFIAE. Phytochemical profiling used colorimetric methods. Antidiabetic potential was evaluated via (1) oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normoglycemic Sprague\u2013Dawley rats pretreated with OFIAE (4, 40, and 400\u2009mg\/kg,\n                      <jats:italic>p.o.<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), metformin, or none; (2) glucose uptake assay in yeast cells with glucose (5, 10, and 25\u2009mM)\u2009\u00b1\u2009OFIAE (125\u20131250\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL); and (3) in vitro\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010amylase and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010glucosidase inhibition. Experimental diabetes was induced in male Sprague\u2013Dawley rats (STZ\u2013nicotinamide; fasting blood glucose [FBG]\u2009&gt;\u200911\u2009mmol\/L). Diabetic rats were treated orally for 28 days with OFIAE (4, 40, and 400\u2009mg\/kg), metformin (300\u2009mg\/kg), or vehicle. Body weight and FBG were recorded weekly. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured posttreatment. Liver (PAS and H&amp;E) and pancreas (H&amp;E and insulin immunostaining) were histologically examined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      OFIAE contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. OFIAE significantly reduced postprandial blood glucose during OGTT compared to control. It enhanced glucose uptake in yeast and inhibited\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010amylase (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 411.1 \u00b1 2.23\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL) and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010glucosidase (IC\n                      <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                      = 2486 \u00b1 82.0\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/mL). In diabetic rats, OFIAE reduced FBG and HbA1c levels while increasing body weight compared to the diabetic model. Liver sections showed increased glycogen storage (PAS staining). Pancreatic immunostaining revealed increased insulin expression in islet cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      OFIAE exhibits antihyperglycemic effects by inhibiting carbohydrate\u2010digestive enzymes (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010amylase and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010glucosidase), enhancing peripheral glucose uptake, increasing insulin secretion, and promoting hepatic glycogen storage. These findings validate its traditional use and highlight its potential as a complementary therapy for Type 2 DM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/5516794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T05:53:37Z","timestamp":1776491617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aqueous Extract of\n                    <i>Opuntia ficus-indica<\/i>\n                    (L. Mill) Cladodes Demonstrates Antidiabetic Effect in Normoglycemic and STZ\u2010Induced Diabetic Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5885-3994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nyaradzo Ellen","family":"Masango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9428-1891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest Amponsah","family":"Asiamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6740-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orleans","family":"Martey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0196-2087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justice Kwaku","family":"Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2568-8246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Kyei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1133-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Boye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biochem1030017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP2021.5247"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation8060267"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031882"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110662"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00795-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1366368"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jrpp.jrpp_45_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1149671"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1354395"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-023-04314-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010080"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12030543"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26538\/tjnpr\/v7i7.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020300"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S379805"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/oje.2023.132006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_2","first-page":"149","article-title":"Determination of Total Phenolic Content, Total Flavonoid Content and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)","volume":"13","author":"Lallianrawna S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"King & H. 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