{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:14:16Z","timestamp":1791360856568,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":95,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003625","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00432986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00432986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gait impairment is one of the most disabling consequences of stroke and substantially limits functional independence. While traditional orthoses provide joint stabilization, they often restrict natural motion and lack adaptive support. This study is aimed at evaluating the short\u2010term effects of an electric knee\u2013ankle\u2013foot orthosis (E\u2010KAFO) on gait performance and energy efficiency in patients with hemiplegia and at assessing how baseline balance ability, measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), influences outcomes. This pre\u2013post intervention, nonrandomized study enrolled poststroke survivors (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 22), who were stratified into high\u2010 (BBS &gt; 45) and low\u2010 (BBS \u2264 45) balance groups (HBG and LBG, respectively). Participants underwent gait assessments under two conditions: body\u2010powered condition (BP_C), to evaluate rehabilitation effects independently of the device, and E\u2010KAFO_C, to assess short\u2010term assistive efficacy immediately after device use. All assessments were conducted before and after a 3\u2010week intervention comprising seven E\u2010KAFO training sessions. The primary outcome was gait speed, measured using the 5\u2010m walk test (5\u2010mWT). The 3\u2010min and 6\u2010min walk tests (3\u2010MWT and 6\u2010MWT) and the physiological cost index (PCI) were also evaluated to assess gait endurance and energy efficiency. The 5\u2010mWT and 3\u2010MWT\/6\u2010MWT were performed in randomized order to minimize order\u2010related bias. No standard rehabilitation\u2010only control group was included. Assistive effects (E\u2010KAFO_C) and rehabilitative effects (BP_C) were analyzed and reported separately. Two\u2010way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the effects of group, time, and their interaction. Significant improvements in gait speed and endurance were observed across both conditions, with the LBG showing greater relative gains postintervention. In the E\u2010KAFO_C condition, the LBG demonstrated a 33.31% increase in 5\u2010mWT speed and a 25.51% increase in 3\u2010MWT distance. Notably, PCI decreased in both groups, although the reduction was significant only in the LBG. These findings underscore the distinction between the short\u2010term assistive benefits of the E\u2010KAFO and the rehabilitative improvements captured by BP_C outcomes, emphasizing that BP_C results serve as the primary indicator of rehabilitation effectiveness. Importantly, baseline balance ability assessed by the BBS influenced assistive and rehabilitative responses, supporting its relevance for patient stratification. Given the exploratory design and limited sample size, these findings are hypothesis\u2010generating and require confirmation in larger randomized controlled trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, supported by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA): KCT0011412<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/5528235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T09:20:43Z","timestamp":1775467243000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Pilot Study on the Short\u2010Term Effects of an Electric Knee\u2013Ankle\u2013Foot Orthosis on Gait Performance and Physiological Cost Index in Patients With Hemiplegia: Influence of Initial Balance Ability Assessed by the Berg Balance Scale"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuk-Jae","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-7979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2628-9976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5095-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeonseok","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9496-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju-Hwan","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5182-5099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In 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