{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:48:08Z","timestamp":1792205288836,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":353,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR) strains are the main challenges to the progression of new drug discovery. To diminish infectious disease\u2013causing pathogens, new antibiotics are required while the drying pipeline of potent antibiotics is adding to the severity. Plant secondary metabolites or phytochemicals including alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes have successfully demonstrated their inhibitory potential against the drug\u2010resistant pathogens. In quest of potential phytochemicals, we selected tea (<jats:italic>Camellia sinensis<\/jats:italic>) and agarwood (<jats:italic>Aquilaria malaccensis<\/jats:italic>) leaves for antimicrobial activity. Fresh tea leaves were collected in three varieties, namely, BT\u20106, BT\u20107, and BT\u20108, including green tea (nonfermented tea), black tea (fully fermented tea), and agarwood leaves collected from Sylhet region of Bangladesh. This study is aimed at analyzing the phytochemical constituency and antimicrobial activity of tea and agarwood leaf extracts and analyzing if there is a combined effect or synergistic activity against multidrug\u2010resistant pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of tea and agarwood leaf extracts was analyzed against MDR pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical constituency profiling of these six leaf extracts was evaluated, and preliminary screening exhibited that most of the leaves contained diverse groups of metabolites (alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, etc.). The highest amounts of TPC (total phenolic content) (110.16 \u00b1 0.48\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mg) were found in BT\u20107 in ethanol extracts, and BT\u20108 in methanol extracts possessed the highest (128.1 \u00b1 0.43\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g\/mg) TFC (total flavonoid content). Notably, green tea showed remarkable results in TPC and TFC. In antioxidant scavenging activity, BT\u20107 and green tea showed significant IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values which were 13.23 and 20.75\u2009mg\/mL, respectively. In antimicrobial assays, both 50\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>L of each tea and agarwood leaf extract antimicrobial activities were examined against 50\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>L of each bacterial and fungal culture. In synergistic activity, 50\u2009<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>L of each type of leaf extracts was poured over the commercial antibiotics to evaluate their synergism, additive, or antagonism activity against the multidrug\u2010resistant pathogens. In the antimicrobial activity test, green tea showed a maximum diameter (22.0 \u00b1 1.1\u2009mm) zone of inhibition against <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> whereas BT\u20108 showed 22.0 \u00b1 2.5\u2009mm against <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>. Indeed, fresh tea BT\u20106 and BT\u20107 both showed remarkable zone of inhibition against the selected microbes including Gram\u2010negative and Gram\u2010positive bacteria. Besides, leaf extract also showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungus <jats:italic>Mucor circinelloides<\/jats:italic>. Aiming to increase antibiotic resistance efficacy, synergistic activities were evaluated among leaf extracts and antibiotics against the selected pathogens where synergism, antagonism, and additive results were noted. Combination of BT\u20108 extracts with antibiotics (ceftiofur) showed the highest synergism nearly 36\u2009mm of the zone of inhibition against <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. Additionally, green tea with gentamicin and erythromycin also showed remarkable synergism 35 and 33\u2009mm against <jats:italic>Mucor circinelloides<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Tea and agarwood leaves grown in Bangladesh possess high antioxidant activity, promising antibacterial and antifungal activity, thus might provide a potential source for drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/5595575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T15:53:06Z","timestamp":1734623586000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity of Tea and Agarwood Leaf Extracts Against Multidrug\u2010Resistant Microbes"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3349-1665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shah Rucksana Akhter","family":"Urme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Fahmida","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5020-316X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Abdus Shukur","family":"Imran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9347-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mst Rubaiat Nazneen","family":"Akhand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4814-3065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mehedi Hasan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02968.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1104.041167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-017-0208-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-89370-9_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1872210513666190308133429"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2140-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10715769709097807"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/12071496"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00053-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1296.66944"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/485193"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.07.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"Measurement of total phenolics and ABTS assay for antioxidant activity (personal communication)","volume":"7","author":"Lister E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crop Research Institute, Lincoln, New Zealand"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","first-page":"669","article-title":"Antibacterial and bactericidal activities of Japanese green tea","volume":"44","author":"Toda M.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi. 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R. A. AhmedS. F. ImranM. A. S. AkhandM. R. N. andKhanM. M. H. Phytochemical constituency and antimicrobial activity analysis of tea and agar-wood leaf extracts against multi-drug resistant microbes 2023 https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=4374455.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4374455"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/5595575","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T15:53:17Z","timestamp":1734623597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/bmri\/5595575"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Riadh","family":"Badraoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/bmri\/5595575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/bmri\/5595575","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-23","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"5595575"}}