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But, the growing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and drug\u2010associated toxicities has diminished the effectiveness of conventional drugs, prompting the need for alternative remedies, especially from medicinal plants. This study assessed the in vitro antibacterial potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Zanthoxylum chalybeum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Zanthoxylum usambarense<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aloe deserti<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Standard bacterial strains from the Kenya Medical Research Institute were employed for antibacterial assays. Antibacterial activities were determined by means of inhibition zone diameters, MICs, MBCs, and time\u2010kill kinetics. Methanol extracts from\n                    <jats:italic>Zanthoxylum chalybeum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aloe deserti<\/jats:italic>\n                    had no antibacterial activity. In contrast, the methanolic extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Zanthxylum usambarense<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited antibacterial action in a concentration\u2010 and time\u2010dependent fashion, with very potent efficacy against\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus cereus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , moderate against\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and low against\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Time\u2010kill studies confirmed rapid bactericidal action against susceptible Gram\u2010positive bacteria. Phytochemicals detected include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and glycosides, as well as trace and heavy metals.\n                    <jats:italic>Zanthoxylum usambarense<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited remarkable antibacterial effect against Gram\u2010positive bacteria, but limited activity was exhibited against Gram\u2010negative strains. However, the present study was limited to in vitro testing, and post\u2010extraction quality control testing was not included. Thus, clinical application of the results cannot be made. Further studies are needed to identify the active constituents of the extract, toxicity, efficacy, and standardization of the extract.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/6610508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:33:22Z","timestamp":1785375202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibacterial Activity of\n                    <i>Zanthoxylum chalybeum<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Aloe deserti<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>Zanthoxylum usambarense<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6075-9804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen 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