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HAp and HAp\u2010Ag powders were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy\u2010dispersive X\u2010ray spectroscopy, X\u2010ray diffraction and fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Cylindrical pellets obtained by powder pressing and sintering were evaluated for fracture toughness, compressive strength, relative density, porosity, and wettability. Cell viability was assessed using the Alamar Blue assay. In the\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiment, an 8\u2010mm critical\u2010size calvarial defect was surgically created in 36 male Wistar rats randomly divided into three groups: control group (CG), untreated defect; HAp group, defect filled with HAp pellet; and HAp\u2010Ag group, defect filled with HAp\u2010Ag pellet. Euthanasia was performed after 90 days, and calvaria samples were analyzed by\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010CT, histology, cytokine quantification, and gene expression analysis. The powders showed an irregular, agglomerated morphology, with HAp elements and silver detected in the HAp\u2010Ag sample. Incorporation of Ag into HAp increased fracture toughness (0.66\u20130.94\u2009MPa.m\n                    <jats:sup>1\/2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and porosity (16.43%\u201325.95%) and reduced compressive strength (43.17\u201323.99\u2009MPa) and contact angle (36.32\u00b0\u201310.51\u00b0). MC3T3\u2010E1 preosteoblastic cell viability was higher on HAp\u2010Ag surface compared to HAp pellets at Days 1 and 7. Compared to CG, defects filled with biomaterials showed greater bone formation and better bone quality parameters. In addition, a more advanced stage of bone maturation was observed in the animals treated with HAp\u2010Ag. HAp\u2010Ag composite upregulated TNF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and IL\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels and Procollagen 3 and eNOS gene expression compared to CG. Silver incorporation into HAp increased fracture toughness and porosity, reduced compressive strength, and improved wettability. Despite these changes, HAp\u2010Ag enhanced cell viability and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    bone maturation, indicating that Ag addition does not compromise and may improve its bone regeneration potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/8065442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:24:42Z","timestamp":1780626282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physicochemical Characterization, Cytotoxicity, and In Vivo Evaluation of a Hydroxyapatite\u2013Silver Composite for Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6245-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes Andrade","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9264-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurigena Antunes","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5209-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana Barbosa","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6894-1366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Luiza Diniz de Sousa","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9224-0210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00f4mulo Camilo","family":"de Oliveira Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8613-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valkleidson Santos","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5292-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salom\u00e9 Ribeiro","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0202-771X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata Ferreira","family":"de Carvalho Leit\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9774-7175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Sandro Pereira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9016-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Bomio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3523-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana Villela","family":"da Motta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8971-8382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Andrean Macedo","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4292-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davi Neto","family":"de Ara\u00fajo Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1670-7345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia Q.","family":"Pirih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6667-5675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Vinicius de Carvalho Sousa","family":"Rosado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1979-9919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Augusto Galv\u00e3o","family":"Barboza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0047-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruthineia Di\u00f3genes Alves Uch\u00f4a","family":"Lins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","volume-title":"StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL) Ineligible Companies","author":"Cowan P. 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