{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:35:40Z","timestamp":1785494140165,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Herbal products are increasingly utilized for various conditions, including erectile dysfunction (ED), due to their minimal side effects, affordability, and natural properties. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5is) such as sildenafil citrate, tadalafil, vardenafil hydrochloride, and avanafil are synthetic oral medications approved for ED treatment. However, multiple studies have highlighted the contamination of herbal aphrodisiacs with PDE 5i or their conventional analogs. This study evaluated the contamination of aphrodisiac\u2010claimed herbal products available in Mwanza, Tanzania.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 40 herbal product samples were collected from local vendors and analyzed by high\u2010performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Chromatography was performed on a 20 \u00d7 10\u2009cm aluminum\u2010backed plate coated with analytical\u2010grade silica gel 60 F\n                    <jats:sub>254<\/jats:sub>\n                    . The plates were developed on a 20 \u00d7 20\u2009cm 30\u2010min presaturated twin trough tank containing chloroform (9\u2009mL), methanol (1\u2009mL), and diethylamine (0.1\u2009mL) as the mobile phase. The developed plates were scanned at the wavelengths of 292 and 284\u2009nm for sildenafil and tadalafil, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Out of 40 herbal product samples analyzed, 25 samples (62.5%) were found to be adulterated. Among the adulterated samples, 2 (8%) were contaminated with sildenafil, 9 (36%) with tadalafil, and 14 (56%) with both sildenafil and tadalafil. Quantitative analysis indicated that two samples (12.5%) of the sildenafil\u2010adulterated samples contained an amount of sildenafil that exceeded the maximum recommended daily dose of 100\u2009mg.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Aphrodisiac\u2010claimed herbal medicinal products are adulterated with conventional medicines, sildenafil and tadalafil. Alarmingly, some of these products contain higher amounts of these pharmaceutical agents beyond the maximum daily dose.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/8222227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T02:33:43Z","timestamp":1751682823000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Presence of Sildenafil and Tadalafil in Herbal Medicinal Products Claimed to Treat Erectile Dysfunction in Nyamagana and Ilemela Districts, Mwanza, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Flora J.","family":"Mchallah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6681-5275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael","family":"Matinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelina","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutugera","family":"Kihwili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanga","family":"Mafuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kapala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3123-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Kimaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredi A.","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Mutagwaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila M.","family":"Maregesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-020-2851-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5692572"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-05501-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11216429"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14813"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41443-022-00610-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adulteration of Herbal Preparations","volume":"24","author":"Abuga K. O.","year":"2021","journal-title":"East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2021.1926753"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2022.2052972"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_2","unstructured":"BBC News Kwanini dawa ya asili ya \u2018mkongo\u2019 imepigwa marufuku Tanzania-BBC News Swahili 2022 [cited 2025 Mar 27]. Available from:https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/swahili\/articles\/cpejy0kyze4o."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/separations10010023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/JPC.19.2006.6.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/JPC.18.2005.5.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_2","first-page":"2095","article-title":"Evaluation of Adulteration of Herbal Medicine Used for Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Nairobi County, Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Sifuma S. W. A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJPSR)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Identification and Analysis of Adulterants in Aphrodisiac Herbal Medicines Sold by Private Herbal Clinics, Pharmacies and Herbal Drug Shops in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"24","author":"Dumba K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36348\/sjmps.2020.v06i02.004"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/8222227","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/bmri\/8222227","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/bmri\/8222227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T10:54:59Z","timestamp":1772967299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/bmri\/8222227"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Li","family":"Kun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/bmri\/8222227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/bmri\/8222227","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"8222227"}}