{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:05:01Z","timestamp":1790334301384,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":109,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Biofilm\u2010related infections significantly contribute to bacterial diseases, with estimates suggesting that at least 80% of such infections are associated with biofilms. These infections often involve opportunistic pathogens, which not only influence the type of infection but also impact the microenvironment by interacting with other polymicrobial pathogens, thereby altering microbial diversity within the infection site. The present study was designed to assess potential changes in bacterial communities across various infection types. The 50 samples were collected and pooled from different anatomical locations: II\u2010H1 (calf), ul\u2010H2 (thighs), ft\u2010H3 (upper leg), ct\u2010H4 (chest), and Ca\u2010H5 (catheter). The 16S rDNA sequencing was performed on 10 representative samples using the Sanger method to identify bacterial taxa, whereas the metagenomic analysis was conducted on the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, California). Sanger sequencing identifying several bacterial strains including\n                    <jats:italic>Bacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    MS\u2010AsIII\u201061,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacterium HB33<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u20101,\n                    <jats:italic>Mammaliicoccus sciuri<\/jats:italic>\n                    SSB38, multiple\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    DA101 and S8,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. C0021\u201001R and TSA25S,\n                    <jats:italic>S. cohnii<\/jats:italic>\n                    FC2265, and S.\n                    <jats:italic>saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    A), and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter hormaechei<\/jats:italic>\n                    D15. The metagenomics analysis revealed variations and diversity in the different location across the organ by relative abundance of 5 bacterial phyla and 38 species. The\n                    <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    phylum was the most abundant phylum across all sites, with the highest prevalence observed in Ca\u2010H5, followed by ul\u2010H2, ct\u2010H4, II\u2010H1, and ft\u2010H3 in the decreasing order. In contrast, the\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    phylum exhibited the highest abundance in ft\u2010H3. Catheter\u2010associated infections (Ca\u2010H5 site) show a homogeneous ARG profile, dominated by genes supporting biofilm formation and persistence. MSA samples reflect diversity in methicillin and multidrug resistance genes, consistent with surgical\u2010site and opportunistic infections. Trypto samples may represent an environmental or experimental condition leading to alternative ARG expression, highlighting site\u2010 or condition\u2010specific variations. The different virulence factor responsible for the boost in the establishment of biofilms in these pathogens includes, surface adhesion proteins, increasing resilience to environmental, efflux pumps, quorum\u2010sensing regulators, stresses, and antibiotic treatments. The study demonstrates the dynamic nature and impact of biofilm\u2010related infections at anatomical sites. It also focused on biofilm\u2010associated infections at surgical sites, their progression into chronic conditions, and the corresponding treatment patterns. The integration of metagenomic analysis with phenotypic studies provided deeper insights into the roles of key genes and their mechanisms in biofilm formation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/8989667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T06:34:04Z","timestamp":1776753244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metagenomic and Phenotypic Insights Into Biofilm\u2010Forming Pathogens in Patients With Nosocomial Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4619-8605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haleema","family":"Sadia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9074-4668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshia","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0969-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iftikhar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/122629"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227772"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S476267"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040652"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122468"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1163439"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2018.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0113-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002824"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12888"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gm485"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08853-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816109-8.00003-9","volume-title":"Basic Biotechniques for Bioprocess and Bioentrepreneurship","author":"Sharma N.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20473\/fmi.v54i1.8047"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering3010007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simplified Protocols for the Preparation of Genomic DNA From Bacterial Cultures","volume":"1","author":"Moore E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_2","first-page":"2288","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Phenolic Compounds Extracted From Camellia sinensis and Evaluation of Their Effect on the Gene Expression (clfA) in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"22","author":"Al-Aboudi Z. 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