{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:10:01Z","timestamp":1778944201520,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":130,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n \n Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010cell dysfunction, leading to chronic hyperglycemia. Although\n Opuntia<\/jats:italic>\n species have demonstrated antidiabetic potential, evidence on the in vitro mechanisms of\n Opuntia stricta<\/jats:italic>\n cladodes (OSCs) remains limited. This study investigated the antidiabetic activity and mechanism of action of methanolic extracts of OSC using multiple cell\u2010based assays.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Cladodes were collected in Zambia, shade\u2010dried, powdered, and extracted with methanol. Cytotoxicity and antidiabetic effects were assessed using C3A hepatocytes, L6 myoblasts, Caco\u20102 epithelial cells, and INS\u20101\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010cells. Assays included cell viability, glucose utilization, glucose uptake, and\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010cell proliferation. Data were analyzed using Student\u2032s\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010test and one\u2010way ANOVA with Tukey\u2032s post hoc test (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The OSC extract showed good tolerability, with cell viability >\u200980% across all cell lines. In C3A hepatocytes, glucose utilization increased significantly at 6.25\u2013100\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), with the highest effect at 100\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL (90.1\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 0.3\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ) compared to untreated (86.3\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 0.4\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ). Glucose uptake was also significantly enhanced at 100\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL compared to untreated (51.2\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 1.0\n %<\/jats:italic>\n vs. 43.4\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 2.5\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) but without a significant difference from insulin (50.2\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 3.6\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.984). After 24\u2009h in L6 myoblasts, treatment at 100\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL modestly but significantly increased glucose utilization compared with untreated controls (95.06\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 0.44\n %<\/jats:italic>\n vs. 93.5\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 0.59\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.005). Uptake also increased significantly at 100\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL when compared to untreated (53.7\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 1.7\n %<\/jats:italic>\n vs. 48.5\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 2.6\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.005) but was not significantly different from insulin (53.7\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 1.7\n %<\/jats:italic>\n vs. 54.3\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 2.0\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.999). In Caco\u20102 cells, glucose uptake decreased compared with untreated controls at 6.25\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL (57.5\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 4.9\n %<\/jats:italic>\n vs. 64.6\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 3.6\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) and 100\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL (50.8\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 9.4\n %<\/jats:italic>\n vs. 64.6\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 3.6\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). In INS\u20101\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010cells, proliferation increased at 125\u2009\n \u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n g\/mL after 24\u2009h compared to untreated (111.8\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 2.2\n %<\/jats:italic>\n vs. 100.0\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 3.8\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), exceeding 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (97.8\n %<\/jats:italic>\n \u00b1 4.1\n %<\/jats:italic>\n ) but declined significantly at 48 and 72\u2009h (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n OSC extracts enhanced glucose utilization and uptake in C3A hepatocytes and L6 myoblasts to levels similar to insulin, reduced intestinal glucose uptake in Caco\u20102 cells relative to untreated controls, and transiently stimulated\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010cell proliferation beyond that of 10% FBS. These findings highlight OSC as a promising source of antidiabetic bioactives, warranting further molecular and in vivo studies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/9325356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T14:33:26Z","timestamp":1778510006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity and Mechanism of Action of Methanolic Extract of\n Opuntia stricta<\/i>\n Cladodes"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0730-3795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kampamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1117-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Chinyere","family":"Ezeala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4623-8586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadango","family":"Zombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-6743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela Gono","family":"Bwalya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1536"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5342216"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_2","volume-title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Cases of Nigeria and South Africa","author":"Bobga Billa J. 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