{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T10:34:50Z","timestamp":1792924490328,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":284,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate episiotomy prevalence, identify independently associated factors, and describe maternal outcomes among vaginal births at a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a retrospective cross\u2010sectional review of 306 sampled records of women with eligible vaginal births at Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital from January 1 to February 28, 2023. Variables with a bivariable\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.25 were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Perineal outcomes were compared by episiotomy status using unadjusted analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Episiotomy was documented in 141 births (46.1%). Higher odds of episiotomy were associated with no documented antenatal care (AOR 1.98, 95% CI 1.10\u20133.57), second\u2010stage duration of at least 1\u2009h (AOR 2.70, 95% CI 1.52\u20134.81), postterm birth (AOR 9.73, 95% CI 1.92\u201349.16), and birth weight of at least 2500\u2009g (AOR 3.46, 95% CI 1.25\u20139.57). Lower odds were associated with multiparity, documented comorbidity, preterm birth, and absence of meconium\u2010stained amniotic fluid. Documented second\u2010degree tears were more frequent among women with episiotomy than among those without it (22.7% versus 11.5%; unadjusted OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.21\u20134.19).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Episiotomy was common and associated with several measured maternal and intrapartum characteristics. Because the maternal\u2010outcome comparison was unadjusted and susceptible to confounding by indication, it does not establish that episiotomy caused perineal injury. The findings support restrictive, protocol\u2010based use and regular institutional audit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/bmri\/9673092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T07:05:48Z","timestamp":1791788748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Episiotomy Use in a Low\u2010Income Setting: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Maternal Outcomes Among Vaginal Births at a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6870-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nebyu Yonas","family":"Shanka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital  Wolaita Sodo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4368-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biniyam Esayas","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital  Wolaita Sodo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7844-0618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kidist Abrham","family":"Bosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital  Wolaita Sodo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6165-6139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Desalegn","family":"Kuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital  Wolaita Sodo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9502-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bekalo Bekele","family":"Bale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital  Wolaita Sodo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigist Ewunetu","family":"Limeneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital  Wolaita Sodo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_1_2","volume-title":"Vaginal Delivery","author":"Dutta D. 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