{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:20:54Z","timestamp":1773008454381,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":285,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biochemistry Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the World Health Organization has declared that the coronavirus disease (COVID\u201019) is not a public health emergency of international concern anymore, it has negatively impacted the world, and effective treatment for this pandemic remains a major priority. Vaccine effectiveness has been a matter of concern given the evolution of variants and subvariants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102). Thus, continued protection against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and its variants is still necessary and could work alone or in parallel with vaccinations to treat COVID\u201019 in the future. Further, findings from in vitro and in vivo studies have noted the effectiveness of high dosages of nitric oxide (NO) as an antimicrobial agent against respiratory pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and fungi. NO has been previously utilized in the management of SARS\u2010CoV and has shown a similar antiviral effect with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in vivo and in vitro. Effective therapy with NO can be used to target several stages of COVID\u201019 infection to prevent transmission and progression of the disease. The unique properties of NO allow this simple, gaseous molecule to be administered in various forms. NO can be used as an inhalant, in the form of NO donor drugs such as S\u2010nitrosothiols and more recently as NO\u2010releasing nanoparticles (NO\u2010nps). This review summarizes the bioavailability of NO in COVID\u201019 patients and highlights in vivo and in vitro studies as well as clinical trials with NO administered as a nasal spray, inhalant, or via nanodelivery for therapeutic applications for COVID\u201019 and other respiratory infections in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/bri\/8846903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T12:34:19Z","timestamp":1760358859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nitric Oxide in the Treatment of COVID\u201019: Nasal Sprays, Inhalants and Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6392-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amarley","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8018-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donovan","family":"McGrowder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4266-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Bryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_1_2","article-title":"Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"2","author":"Gomes C.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm8108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_2","first-page":"174","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-COV: A Comparative Overview","volume":"28","author":"Rabaan A. 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