{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:28:52Z","timestamp":1788276532072,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":243,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Respiratory Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neonatal lung biopsy guides management of unusually severe, diffuse lung disease with an uncertain diagnosis. Childhood interstitial lung disease (chILD) constitutes a diverse group of uncommon respiratory diseases which are associated with major morbidity and mortality. The incidence, outcome and mortality of chILD and other severe respiratory diseases in resource\u2010limited settings (RLS) are unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective, descriptive study examined lung biopsy in an RLS on infants up to 3\u2009months of age to diagnose and facilitate management. This study included neonates with severe respiratory distress not responding to surfactant replacement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lung biopsy was diagnostic in 94% (29\/31) of patients without procedure\u2010related mortality. The mean gestational age at birth was 35.8\u2009weeks (SD\u2009\u00b1\u20094.6). The mean presentation age was 20\u2009days of life (IQR 1\u201328). Of 31 participants, 16% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) had histological findings in keeping with pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis (PIG) only. Sixteen percent (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) of biopsies showed findings in keeping with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)\u2013binding cassette subfamily A member 3 (ABCA3) deficiency in combination with features of PIG on electron microscopy. Surfactant protein (SFTP)\u2010B deficiency and undefined surfactant deficiency were equally prevalent (6% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092). Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) featured in 61% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917) of infants. Genetic testing was performed on 29% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099) of infants, with 56% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095) showing normal results. The cohort mortality was 42% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChILD should be considered in neonates with severe respiratory distress and PHT not responding to surfactant replacement. Lung biopsy is safe and diagnostic and may prevent long and futile treatment. Histopathological diagnosis frequently assists treatment decisions. Future multicentre studies should include children from an RLS to collect information on diagnoses, genetics and treatment responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/carj\/1509295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:11:58Z","timestamp":1788275518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Value of Lung Biopsy in Infants up to 3 Months With Diffuse Lung Disease in a Resource\u2010Limited Setting"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-1307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Goussard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4422-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawel","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9245-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizelle","family":"van Wyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1505-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Booysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9001-3387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Gie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9392-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6029-9487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Janson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1015-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Savvas","family":"Andronikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7628-030X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernst","family":"Eber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0339-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-4-26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481508100121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017170006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-219206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000680"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207349"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2015.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","article-title":"Targeted Immunostaining for the Detection of Children\u2019s Interstitial Lung Diseases (ChILDs) in Low-Middle Income Countries","volume":"189","author":"Restrepo S. 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