{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:20:07Z","timestamp":1771330807944,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":47,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Respiratory Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) present a significant clinical challenge and are associated with a poor prognosis, frequently observed in patients with advanced malignancies. Conventional diagnostic techniques for identifying MPEs exhibit limitations in both accuracy and sensitivity. To differentiate between benign and MPEs, the clinical applicability of the ErNP@SiO2\u2010ICG rare earth nano\u2013nano near\u2010infrared (NIR) fluorescence probe was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through solution chemistry processes, vacuum treatment with heat, and the synthesis of a core\u2013shell design, an exceptional rare earth nano NIR fluorescent probe was developed in this study, which showed the capacity to target tumors precisely. After that, a prospective research was conducted with a cohort of 90 patients; 20 of them were excluded because of unclear diagnoses. Every participant had a thoracoscopic biopsy for histological analysis, a cytological assessment of pleural effusions, and an evaluation of the recently developed dyes. R programming, GraphPad Prism, and Microsoft Excel were used when carrying out statistical inspection of the obtained data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ErNP@SiO2\u2010ICG particles experienced a size of 176.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u2009nm. Their emission peak was located at 550\u2009nm in relation to their fluorescence spectra, and their scanning electron microscopy image demonstrated uniform particle size and distribution with NIR fluorescence characteristics. The optimum time and concentration for color development were 2\u2009\u03bcL and 1\u2009h, respectively. The fluorescence imaging and cytological investigation of pleural effusions differed significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in 35 scenarios of MPEs, 35 cases of benign pleural effusions, and 20 cases of unexplained pleural effusions among the 90 participants. The area under the ROC curve for fluorescence imaging of ErNP@SiO2\u2010ICG was 0.814 (95% confidence interval: 0.708\u20130.920). The fluorescence imaging sensitivity and specificity of ErNP@SiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010ICG were 0.814 (95% CI: 0.652\u20130.872), while the area under the ROC curve for pleural fluid cytology was 0.729 (95% CI: 0.607\u20130.850). The area under the ROC curve for the ErNP@SiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010ICG NIR fluorescent probe showed good compliance with pathologic findings (Kappa\u2009=\u20090.629,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The results of the confusion matrix constructed based on this threshold showed a positive predictive value of 82.40% and a negative predictive value of 80.60%, with a false\u2010positive rate of 17.60% and a false\u2010negative rate of 19.40%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ErNP@SiO2\u2010ICG rare earth\u2010doped nano\u2010probe for NIR fluorescence imaging exhibits exceptional accuracy in the detection of MPE, thereby providing an innovative technological approach for the future identification of this condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1155\/carj\/2562288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T11:29:44Z","timestamp":1771327784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Value of the Near\u2010Infrared Fluorescent Probe ErNP@SiO2\u2010ICG in the Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Effusion"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4029-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuchu","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingya","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangbin","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yinling","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2396-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoqiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7216-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0377"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.170420"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2950751"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22631"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23091"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2023-220304"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080490"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.240821"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezy258"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","unstructured":"Clinical Features and Survival of Lung Cancer Patients With Pleural Effusions\u2014Pubmed N.D 2024 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25706291\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","unstructured":"Diagnostic Sensitivity of Pleural Fluid Cytology in Malignant Pleural Effusions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis\u2014Pubmed N.D 2024 https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35110369\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01261-2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijc.IJC_149_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.14996"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202001066"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","unstructured":"Recent Progress on Molecularly Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Chemotherapy and Phototherapy\u2014Sciencedirect N.D 2024 https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0010854520307761."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","unstructured":"Nature Reviews Bioengineering 2024 Near-Infrared Luminescence High-Contrast in Vivo Biomedical Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","unstructured":"Clinical Development and Potential of Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies for Cancer\u2014Pubmed N.D 2024 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