{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:16:55Z","timestamp":1790983015379,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":243,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Case Reports in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment landscape for a variety of cancers, yet they are associated with immune\u2010related adverse events (irAEs). Although irAEs commonly affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and endocrine glands, immune\u2010related cystitis and ureteritis are extremely rare and often overlooked. We report on two patients who developed immune\u2010mediated ureteritis and cystitis following treatment with PD\u20101 inhibitors (tislelizumab and toripalimab). Both patients exhibited urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and hematuria without evidence of infection and were unresponsive to empirical antibiotics. Imaging results, combined with clinical symptoms, confirmed the diagnosis of urinary tract irAEs. Symptoms improved markedly following systemic glucocorticoid therapy. Through case analysis and a targeted literature review, we have summarized diagnostic indicators, therapeutic principles, and steroid tapering strategies for managing ICI\u2010associated urinary irAEs. We emphasize the importance of early recognition and standardized management to prevent permanent damage and offer practical guidance for clinicians dealing with these uncommon but clinically significant toxicities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/carm\/7432835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:14:36Z","timestamp":1788246876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immune\u2010Related Cystitis Following Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Report of Two Cases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2824-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanren","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078876"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2017.77.6385"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ott.S321965"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1051577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2017.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0343-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","unstructured":"Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5. Published: November 27 US Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","unstructured":"Oncology G.W.C.o.t.C.S.o.C. Guidelines of Chinese Society of Clinical oncology(CSCO) Management of Immune Checkpoint inhibitor-related Toxicity https:\/\/www.csco.org.cn\/cn\/index.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25486"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.757069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cmr.0000000000000765"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132612"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2021.01.005"}],"container-title":["Case Reports in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/carm\/7432835","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1155\/carm\/7432835","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/carm\/7432835","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:14:38Z","timestamp":1788246878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/carm\/7432835"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Semonti","family":"Nandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/carm\/7432835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/carm\/7432835","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9627","1687-9635"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9627","type":"print"},{"value":"1687-9635","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"7432835"}}